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characterized by or causing diminution or curtailment; "their views of life were reductive and depreciatory" - R.H.Rovere

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/19 12:05:51」(JST)

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Look up reduce, reduced, or reduction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Reduction, reduced, or reduce may refer to:

Science

Chemistry

Reduction, part of a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction in which atoms have their oxidation state changed.
- Organic redox reaction, a redox reaction that takes place with organic compounds
- Reduced gas, a gas with a low oxidation number
- Reducing agent, element or compound in a redox reaction that donates an electron to another species
- Reducing atmosphere, an oxygen-poor gaseous environment that inhibits oxidation
- Reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction
- Reduction potential, a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons
- Ore reduction: see smelting

Computing and algorithms

Reduction (complexity), a transformation of one problem into another problem
Graph reduction, an efficient version of non-strict evaluation
Strength reduction, a compiler optimization where a function of some systematically changing variable is calculated more efficiently by using previous values of the function
Reduction (recursion theory), given sets A and B of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively convert a method for deciding membership in B into a method for deciding membership in A?
L-reduction, a transformation of optimization problems which keeps the approximability features
Variance reduction, a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations
Partial order reduction, a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking algorithm
Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression method
Reduce (computer algebra system), a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics
Reduce (higher-order function), in functional programming, a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value
Reduced instruction set computing, a CPU design philosophy that favors an instruction set reduced both in size and complexity of addressing modes, in order to enable easier implementation, greater instruction level parallelism, and more efficient compilers
Data reduction, simplifying data in order to facilitate analysis

Pure mathematics and statistics

Reducible may be the opposite of irreducible (mathematics)
Reduction (mathematics), the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form
Beta reduction, the rewriting of an expression from lambda calculus into a simpler form
Subject reduction or preservation, a rewrite of an expression that does not change its type
Reduction system, reduction strategy, the application of rewriting systems to eliminate reducible expressions
Dimension reduction, the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration
Lattice reduction, given an integer lattice basis as input, to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors
Reduction of order, a technique for solving second-order ordinary differential equations
Relation reduction, the extent to which a given relation is determined by an indexed family or a sequence of other relations, called the relation dataset
Reduction of the structure group, for a -bundle and a map an -bundle such that the pushout is isomorphic to
Reduced form, in statistics, an equation which relates the endogenous variable X to all the available exogenous variables, both those included in the regression of interest (W) and the instruments (Z)
Reduced ring, a ring with no non-zero nilpotent elements
Reduced residue system, a set of φ(n) integers such that each integer is relatively prime to n and no two are congruent modulo n
Reduced product, a construction that generalizes both direct product and ultraproduct
Reduced word, in a free group, a word with no adjacent generator-inverse pairs
Reduced homology, a minor modification made to homology theory in algebraic topology, designed to make a point have all its homology groups zero
Reduced row echelon form, a certain reduced row echelon form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space

Physics

Dimensional reduction, the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero
Reduction criterion, in quantum information theory, a necessary condition a mixed state must satisfy in order for it to be separable
Reduced properties of a fluid, defined based on the fluid's critical point:
- Reduced pressure
- Reduced temperature
- Reduced volume
Reduced mass, the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics

Technology

Noise reduction, acoustic or signal processing
Reduction drive, a mechanical device to shift rotational speed

Philosophy

Eidetic reduction, a technique in the study of essences in phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena
Intertheoretic reduction, in philosophy of science, one theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a second theory
Reduction (philosophy), the process by which one object, property, concept, theory, etc., is shown to be entirely dispensable in favor of another
Reductionism, a range of philosophical systems

Medicine

Weight loss
Selective reduction (or fetal reduction), the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multifetal pregnancy
Reduction (orthopedic surgery), a medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment
Ventricular reduction, a type of operation in cardiac surgery
Urea reduction ratio (URR), a dimensionless number used to quantify hemodialysis treatment adequacy

Cosmetic surgery

Breast reduction
Jaw reduction

Epidemiology

Relative risk reduction, the absolute risk reduction by the control event rate
Absolute risk reduction, the decrease in risk of a given activity or treatment in relation to a control activity or treatment

Linguistics

Accent reduction, modifying one's foreign accent towards that of a native speaker
Vowel reduction, any change in vowel quality perceived as "weakening"
Relaxed pronunciation, slurring of syllables of common words
Definite article reduction, use of vowel-less forms of the English definite article in Northern England

Politics and social policy

Demand reduction, efforts aimed at reducing public desire for illegal and illicit drugs
Harm reduction, policies designed to reduce the harmful consequences associated with recreational drug use and other high risk activities
Immigration reduction
Paperwork reduction, reducing red tape
Poverty reduction
Reduced price meal, a reimbursable meal (or snack) served in the USA to a child who qualifies because of low family’s income.
Risk reduction (disambiguation), risk management by reducing the severity of an eventuated risk
Reuse
Supply reduction, efforts aimed at disrupting the manufacturing and distribution supply chains for illegal and illicit drugs

History

Lithic reduction, in Stone Age toolmaking, to detach lithic flakes from a lump of tool stone
Reduction can refer to the siege and capture of a fortified place
Reduction (Sweden), return to the Crown of fiefs that had been granted to the Swedish nobility
Indian Reductions, settlements in Spanish America intended to assimilate Indians

Other

Ego reduction, predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego
Piano reduction, sheet music for the piano that was once music for other instruments that was reduced to its most basic components within a two line staff for piano
Reduction (cooking), the process of thickening or intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup, sauce, wine, or juice by evaporation
Reductio ad absurdum, a form of argument in which a proposition is disproven by following its implications to an absurd consequence
Reduction in rank, military law
Reduction to practice, in United States patent law, the embodiment of the concept of an invention
Reduce (waste), minimizing waste

English Journal

Diversity of dechlorination pathways and organohalide respiring bacteria in chlorobenzene dechlorinating enrichment cultures originating from river sludge.

Vandermeeren P1, Herrmann S, Cichocka D, Busschaert P, Lievens B, Richnow HH, Springael D.
Biodegradation.Biodegradation.2014 Sep;25(5):757-76. doi: 10.1007/s10532-014-9697-y. Epub 2014 Jul 19.
Anaerobic reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and three isomers of tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) (1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-TeCB) was investigated in microcosms containing chloroaromatic contaminated river sediment. All chlorobenzenes were dechlorinated to dichlorobenzene (DCB) or m
PMID 25037978

Enhanced uranium immobilization and reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms.

Cologgi DL1, Speers AM1, Bullard BA1, Kelly SD2, Reguera G3.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2014 Aug 15. pii: AEM.02289-14. [Epub ahead of print]
Biofilms formed by dissimilatory metal reducers are of interest to develop permeable biobarriers for the immobilization of soluble contaminants such as uranium. Here we show that biofilms of the model uranium-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens immobilized substantially more U(VI) than plank
PMID 25128347

Functional Group Transformations in Derivatives of 1,4-Dihydrobenzo[1,2,4]triazinyl Radical.

Bodzioch A1, Zheng M, Kaszyński P, Utecht G.
The Journal of organic chemistry.J Org Chem.2014 Aug 15;79(16):7294-310. doi: 10.1021/jo500898e. Epub 2014 Aug 5.
Transformations of functional groups OCOPh, OCH2Ph, I, NO2, and CO2Me in Blatter's radical derivatives 1-5 were investigated in order to develop synthetic tools for incorporation of the benzo[1,2,4]triazinyl system into complex molecular architectures. Thus, basic hydrolysis of OCOPh or Pd-catalyzed
PMID 25068765

Japanese Journal

Enrichment of a microbial consortium capable of reductive deiodination of 2,4,6-triiodophenol(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Oba Yoichi,Futagami Taiki,Amachi Seigo
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 117(3), 310-317, 2014-03
… An anaerobic microbial consortium capable of reductively dehalogenating 2,4,6-triiodophenol (2,4,6-TIP) to 4-iodophenol was enriched from sediments collected from an iodine-producing industry, Chiba, Japan. … In the presence of lactate, the enrichment reductively deiodinated 2,4,6-TIP, 2,4-diiodophenol and 2-iodophenol, suggesting preferential removal of ortho-substituted iodines. …
NAID 110009815382

従属栄養脱窒とAnammoxを組み合わせた窒素除去プロセスの可能性:─回分試験による検討─

武川将士,中川勇樹,高井啓司 [他],惣田訓,池道彦
環境技術 43(5), 293-300, 2014
嫌気性アンモニア酸化（Anammox）と従属栄養脱窒の同時反応（Simultaneous Anammox and Denitrification, SAD）を用いた新たな窒素除去プロセスの可能性を検証するため，活性汚泥にAnammox汚泥を混合した系を用い，酢酸塩，硝酸性窒素，アンモニア性窒素を含む合成下水の回分処理実験を行った．その結果，従属栄養脱窒細菌が酢酸塩を用いて硝酸性窒素を還元することで …
NAID 130004543581

Involvement of Dehalobacter strains in the anaerobic dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Li Zhiling,Suzuki Daisuke,Zhang Chunfang [他],Yoshida Naoko,Yang Suyin,Katayama Arata
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 116(5), 602-609, 2013-11
… A culture reductively dechiorinating 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was enriched from a sediment contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. …
NAID 110009685212