WordNet

characterized by or causing diminution or curtailment; "their views of life were reductive and depreciatory" - R.H.Rovere
loss of excess weight (as by dieting); becoming slimmer; "a doctor supervised her reducing"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/26 06:53:23」(JST)

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Reduction, reduced, or reduce may refer to:

Science

Chemistry

Reduction, part of a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction in which atoms have their oxidation state changed.
- Organic redox reaction, a redox reaction that takes place with organic compounds
- Reduced gas, a gas with a low oxidation number
- Reducing agent, element or compound in a redox reaction that donates an electron to another species
- Reducing atmosphere, an oxygen-poor gaseous environment that inhibits oxidation
- Reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction
- Reduction potential, a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons
- Ore reduction: see smelting

Computing and algorithms

Reduction (complexity), a transformation of one problem into another problem
Graph reduction, an efficient version of non-strict evaluation
Strength reduction, a compiler optimization where a function of some systematically changing variable is calculated more efficiently by using previous values of the function
Reduction (recursion theory), given sets A and B of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively convert a method for deciding membership in B into a method for deciding membership in A?
L-reduction, a transformation of optimization problems which keeps the approximability features
Variance reduction, a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations
Partial order reduction, a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking algorithm
Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression method
Reduce (computer algebra system), a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics
Reduce (higher-order function), in functional programming, a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value
Reduced instruction set computing, a CPU design philosophy that favors an instruction set reduced both in size and complexity of addressing modes, in order to enable easier implementation, greater instruction level parallelism, and more efficient compilers
Data reduction, simplifying data in order to facilitate analysis

Pure mathematics and statistics

Reducible may be the opposite of irreducible (mathematics)
Reduction (mathematics), the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form
Beta reduction, the rewriting of an expression from lambda calculus into a simpler form
Subject reduction or preservation, a rewrite of an expression that does not change its type
Reduction system, reduction strategy, the application of rewriting systems to eliminate reducible expressions
Dimension reduction, the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration
Lattice reduction, given an integer lattice basis as input, to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors
Reduction of order, a technique for solving second-order ordinary differential equations
Relation reduction, the extent to which a given relation is determined by an indexed family or a sequence of other relations, called the relation dataset
Reduction of the structure group, for a -bundle and a map an -bundle such that the pushout is isomorphic to
Reduced form, in statistics, an equation which relates the endogenous variable X to all the available exogenous variables, both those included in the regression of interest (W) and the instruments (Z)
Reduced ring, a ring with no non-zero nilpotent elements
Reduced residue system, a set of φ(n) integers such that each integer is relatively prime to n and no two are congruent modulo n
Reduced product, a construction that generalizes both direct product and ultraproduct
Reduced word, in a free group, a word with no adjacent generator-inverse pairs
Reduced homology, a minor modification made to homology theory in algebraic topology, designed to make a point have all its homology groups zero
Reduced row echelon form, a certain reduced row echelon form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space

Physics

Dimensional reduction, the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero
Reduction criterion, in quantum information theory, a necessary condition a mixed state must satisfy in order for it to be separable
Reduced properties of a fluid, defined based on the fluid's critical point:
- Reduced pressure
- Reduced temperature
- Reduced volume
Reduced mass, the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics

Technology

Noise reduction, acoustic or signal processing
Reduction drive, a mechanical device to shift rotational speed

Philosophy

Eidetic reduction, a technique in the study of essences in phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena
Intertheoretic reduction, in philosophy of science, one theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a second theory
Reduction (philosophy), the process by which one object, property, concept, theory, etc., is shown to be entirely dispensable in favor of another
Reductionism, a range of philosophical systems

Medicine

Weight loss
Selective reduction (or fetal reduction), the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multifetal pregnancy
Reduction (orthopedic surgery), a medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment
Ventricular reduction, a type of operation in cardiac surgery
Urea reduction ratio (URR), a dimensionless number used to quantify hemodialysis treatment adequacy

Cosmetic surgery

Breast reduction
Jaw reduction

Epidemiology

Relative risk reduction, the absolute risk reduction by the control event rate
Absolute risk reduction, the decrease in risk of a given activity or treatment in relation to a control activity or treatment

Linguistics

Accent reduction, modifying one's foreign accent towards that of a native speaker
Vowel reduction, any change in vowel quality perceived as "weakening"
Relaxed pronunciation, slurring of syllables of common words
Definite article reduction, use of vowel-less forms of the English definite article in Northern England

Politics and social policy

Demand reduction, efforts aimed at reducing public desire for illegal and illicit drugs
Harm reduction, policies designed to reduce the harmful consequences associated with recreational drug use and other high risk activities
Immigration reduction
Paperwork reduction, reducing red tape
Poverty reduction
Reduced price meal, a reimbursable meal (or snack) served in the USA to a child who qualifies because of low family’s income.
Risk reduction (disambiguation), risk management by reducing the severity of an eventuated risk
Supply reduction, efforts aimed at disrupting the manufacturing and distribution supply chains for illegal and illicit drugs

History

Lithic reduction, in Stone Age toolmaking, to detach lithic flakes from a lump of tool stone
Reduction (military), Reduction can refer to the siege and capture of a fortified place
Reduction (Sweden), return to the Crown of fiefs that had been granted to the Swedish nobility
Indian Reductions, settlements in Spanish America intended to assimilate Indians

Other

Reducing (film), a 1931 American film
Ego reduction, predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego
Reduction (music), music arranged for smaller resources (piano) for easier analysis or performance
Reduction (cooking), the process of thickening or intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup, sauce, wine, or juice by evaporation
Reduction (art), a smaller version of a piece of art made by the artist
Reductio ad absurdum, a form of argument in which a proposition is disproven by following its implications to an absurd consequence
Reduction in rank, military law
Reduction to practice, in United States patent law, the embodiment of the concept of an invention
Reduce (waste), minimizing waste

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Nanoparticle-catalyzed reductive bleaching for fabricating turn-off and enzyme-free amplified colorimetric bioassays.

Li W, Qiang W, Li J, Li H, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Xu D.SourceState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jan 15;51C:219-224. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.050. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Nanoparticle-catalyzed reductive bleaching reactions of colored substrates are emerging as a class of novel indicator reactions for fabricating enzyme-free amplified colorimetric biosensing (turn-off mode), which are exactly opposite to the commonly used oxidative coloring processes of colorless sub
PMID 23962710

New approaches to determination of HMF.

Oral RA, Mortas M, Dogan M, Sarioglu K, Yazici F.SourceErciyes University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey. Electronic address: raoral@erciyes.edu.tr.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jan 15;143:367-70. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.135. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
Several techniques have been used for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) detection in foods. Most of these involve the protein hydrolysation step process to determine the presence of organic acid with heat treatment. The affinity and separability of HMF to/from some proteins were exhibited in this study. A
PMID 24054253

(Fe3O4)-graphene oxide as a novel magnetic nanomaterial for non-enzymatic determination of phenylalanine.

Omidinia E, Shadjou N, Hasanzadeh M.SourceEnzyme Technology Lab., Biochemistry Department, Genetic and Metabolism Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 13164, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: skandar@pasteur.ac.ir.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2013 Dec 1;33(8):4624-4632. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.023. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
Fe3O4-graphene oxide (GO) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was used as a new magnetic nanosensor for determination of phenylalanine (Phe). It was found that Fe3O4-GO has been stably absorbed on GC electrode modified by simple technique. The cyclic voltammograms of the modified electrode in an a
PMID 24094169

Japanese Journal

Topotactic reductive synthesis of A-site cation-ordered perovskite YBaCo

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(4S), 04EJ05, 2016-03-02
NAID 150000112278

Low temperature sintering process of copper fine particles under nitrogen gas flow with Cu2+-alkanolamine metallacycle compounds for electrically conductive layer formation