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assembling again (同)refabrication

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/04 14:28:05」(JST)

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The process of reassortment in biotechnology

Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals. Several different processes contribute to reassortment, including assortment of chromosomes, and chromosomal crossover.^[1] It is particularly used when two similar viruses that are infecting the same cell exchange genetic material. In particular, reassortment occurs among influenza viruses, whose genomes consist of eight distinct segments of RNA. These segments act like mini-chromosomes, and each time a flu virus is assembled, it requires one copy of each segment.

If a single host (a human, a chicken, or other animal) is infected by two different strains of the influenza virus, then it is possible that new assembled viral particles will be created from segments whose origin is mixed, some coming from one strain and some coming from another. The new reassortant strain will share properties of both of its parental lineages.

Reassortment is responsible for some of the major genetic shifts in the history of the influenza virus. The 1957 and 1968 pandemic flu strains were caused by reassortment between an avian virus and a human virus, whereas the H1N1 virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak has an unusual mix of swine, avian and human influenza genetic sequences.^[2]

References

^ Alberts, B.; Bray, D.; Roberts, K.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M. (1997). Essential cell biology: an introduction to the molecular biology of the cell. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2045-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=inZWDr4h1aIC.
^ "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic". New Scientist. 2009-04-24. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-us-and-mexico-may-go-pandemic.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.

History of April-2009 flu collected by Bionyt.

External links

An animation from hhmi.org illustrating the process
Hood E (February 2006). "Flu Vaccine Production Gets a Shot in the Arm". Environ Health Perspect 114 (2): A108–11. doi:10.1289/ehp.114-a108. PMC 1367863. PMID 16451835. http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1289/ehp.114-a108.

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1. インフルエンザの疫学 epidemiology of influenza
2. 鳥インフルエンザの疫学、伝播、および病因 epidemiology transmission and pathogenesis of avian influenza
3. 鳥インフルエンザA（H7N9）：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 avian influenza a h7n9 epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. 流行性H1N1インフルエンザ（ブタインフルエンザ）の疫学 epidemiology of pandemic h1n1 influenza swine influenza
5. 鳥インフルエンザの治療および予防 treatment and prevention of avian influenza

English Journal

Evolutionary Dynamics of Influenza A Viruses in US Exhibition Swine.

Nelson MI1, Wentworth DE2, Das SR2, Sreevatsan S3, Killian ML4, Nolting JM5, Slemons RD5, Bowman AS5.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Jan 15;213(2):173-82. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv399. Epub 2015 Aug 4.
The role of exhibition swine in influenza A virus transmission was recently demonstrated by >300 infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant viruses among individuals who attended agricultural fairs. Through active influenza A virus surveillance in US exhibition swine and whole-genome sequencing of
PMID 26243317

Influenza A Virus Diversity and Transmission in Exhibition Swine.

Baranovich T1, Bahl J2.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Jan 15;213(2):169-70. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv400. Epub 2015 Aug 4.
PMID 26243316

Complete genome sequence of a Chuzan virus strain isolated for the first time in mainland China.

Yang H1, Xiao L1, Meng J1, Xiong H1, Gao L1, Liao D1, Li H2.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2016 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Chuzan virus (CHUV) belongs to the Palyam serogroup, causes bovine congenital disease, and is prevalent in Asia. To date, only one full Palyam virus (PALV) genome sequence, that of Japanese CHUV strain K47, has been reported. Sequence analysis indicates that PALV strains isolated from different geog
PMID 26733292

Japanese Journal

Whole-genome characterization of human group C rotaviruses: identification of two lineages in the VP3 gene

Yamamoto Dai,Ghosh Souvik,Kuzuya Mitsutaka,Wang Yuan-Hong,Zhou Xuan,Chawla-Sarkar Mamta,Paul Shyamal Kumar,Ishino Masaho,Kobayashi Nobumichi
Journal of General Virology 92(2), 361-369, 2011-02
… The presence of obvious genetic diversity only in the VP3 gene among human GCRVs suggested that either the M2 or M3 VP3 gene of human GCRVs might have been derived through reassortment from an animal GCRV or from an unidentified human GCRV strain belonging to a novel genogroup. …
NAID 80021540244

The Ras-PI3K Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis and the Internalization of Influenza Viruses

Fujioka Yoichiro,Tsuda Masumi,Hattori Tomoe,Sasaki Junko,Sasaki Takehiko,Miyazaki Tadaaki,Ohba Yusuke
PLoS One 6(1), e16324, 2011-01-20
… however, the efficacy of currently approved defense strategies, including vaccines and neuraminidase inhibitors, is limited because the virus frequently acquires resistance via antigen drift and reassortment. …
NAID 120002834740