既製の

関: ready-to-use

WordNet

made for purchase and immediate use
a manufactured artifact (as a garment or piece of furniture) that is made in advance and available for purchase; "their apartment was furnished with ready-mades"
commercially produced; not homemade; "ready-made clothes"
to hear and understand; "I read you loud and clear!"
something that is read; "the article was a very good read"
indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments; "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero"; "The gauge read `empty" (同)register, show, record
have or contain a certain wording or form; "The passage reads as follows"; "What does the law say?" (同)say
obtain data from magnetic tapes; "This dictionary can be read by the computer" (同)scan
audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role; "He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar at Stratford this year"
interpret something that is written or printed; "read the advertisement"; "Have you read Salman Rushdie?"
interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior; "She read the sky and predicted rain"; "I cant read his strange behavior"; "The fortune teller read his fate in the crystal ball"
look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed; "The King will read the proclamation at noon"
the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments; "he has a job meter reading for the gas company" (同)meter reading
a datum about some physical state that is presented to a user by a meter or similar instrument; "he could not believe the meter reading"; "the barometer gave clear indications of an approaching storm" (同)meter reading, indication
written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport" (同)reading material
a particular interpretation or performance; "on that reading it was an insult"; "he was famous for his reading of Mozart"
the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message; "his main reading was detective stories"; "suggestions for further reading"
mentally disposed; "he was ready to believe her"
poised for action; "their guns were at the ready"
(of especially money) immediately available; "he seems to have ample ready money"; "a ready source of cash"
completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress; "get ready"; "she is ready to resign"; "the bridge is ready to collapse"; "I am ready to work"; "ready for action"; "ready for use"; "the soup will be ready in a minute"; "ready to learn to read"
made suitable and available for immediate use; "dinner is ready"
successful or assured of success; "now I am a made man forever"- Christopher Marlowe
(of a bed) having the sheets and blankets set in order; "a neatly made bed"
produced by a manufacturing process; "bought some made goods at the local store; rope and nails"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈書かれた物・印刷された物〉‘を'『読む』 / 〈書かれた物・印刷された物〉‘を'『読み上げる』,読んで聞かせる / 〈外国語・文学・記号など〉を判読する,解読する / 〈事〉‘を'『読んで知る』 / 〈隠れた意味など〉‘を'『読み取る』,見抜く / 〈計器・時計が〉…‘を'示す,表示する(show) / 《文》(…を)…‘と'訂正して読む,読み替える《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / 《英》(大学で)…‘を'学ぶ,専攻する / 『本を読む』,読書する / 『音読する』;(人に)読み上げる《+『to』+『名』》 / (…のことを)読んで知る《+『about』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈本などが〉(…と)読める,読んでみると(…)である,〈物事が〉(…と)解釈される
readの過去分詞 / 《『be』『read』『in』+『名』》よく読んで(…に)精通した
〈U〉『読書』 / 〈U〉(読書によって得た)知識,学識 / 〈U〉朗読;〈C〉朗読会 / 〈U〉読みもの;《複数形で》(…の)選集,文選《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(劇の役・楽曲・文章などの)解釈《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(計器などの)示度 / 読書する / 読書用の
『準備ができた』,仕上がった / 《補語にのみ用いて》(進んで喜んで)覚悟している / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be ready to』 do》『今にも…しようとする』,しがちである / す早い,即座の / すぐに使える;手近の / (…に対して)…‘を'『準備する』,用意する《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / (銃の)構えの姿勢 / 位置について
makeの過去,過去分詞 / 成功確実な / 《複合語を作って》「…製の」「構成が…の」「…の体つきの」の意を表す / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be made for+名』》(…に)うってつけである
『気が狂った』,気違いの / ばかげた,無謀の,向こう見ずな / 《補語にのみ用いて》《話》(人・物事に)夢中になって,(…を)熱望して《+『about』(『for』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《話》『怒った』,腹を立てた(angry) / 狂ったように興奮した,熱狂した / (イヌが)狂犬病にかかった

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/25 01:33:50」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Ready-made" redirects here. For other uses, see Readymade (disambiguation).

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.

The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.

The process and theory of prefabrication

An example from house-building illustrates the process of prefabrication. The conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber, cement, sand, steel and construction aggregate, etc. to the site, and to construct the house on site from these materials. In prefabricated construction, only the foundations are constructed in this way, while sections of walls, floors and roof are prefabricated (assembled) in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.

Prefabrication is used in the manufacture of ships, aircraft and all kinds of vehicles and machines where sections previously assembled at the final point of manufacture are assembled elsewhere instead, before being delivered for final assembly.

The theory behind the method is that time and cost is saved if similar construction tasks can be grouped, and assembly line techniques can be employed in prefabrication at a location where skilled labour is available, while congestion at the assembly site, which wastes time, can be reduced. The method finds application particularly where the structure is composed of repeating units or forms, or where multiple copies of the same basic structure are being constructed. Prefabrication avoids the need to transport so many skilled workers to the construction site, and other restricting conditions such as a lack of power, lack of water, exposure to harsh weather or a hazardous environment are avoided. Against these advantages must be weighed the cost of transporting prefabricated sections and lifting them into position as they will usually be larger, more fragile and more difficult to handle than the materials and components of which they are made.

History

"Loren" Iron House, at Old Gippstown in Moe, Australia

Prefabrication has been used since ancient times. For example, it is claimed that the world's oldest known engineered roadway, the Sweet Track constructed in England around 3800 BC, employed prefabricated timber sections brought to the site rather than assembled on-site.^{[citation needed]}

Sinhalese kings of ancient Sri Lanka have used prefabricated buildings technology to erect giant structures, which dates back as far as 2000 years, where some sections were prepared separately and then fitted together, specially in the Kingdom of Anuradhapura and Kingdom of Polonnaruwa

In 19th century Australia a large number of prefabricated houses were imported from the United Kingdom.

The method was widely used in the construction of prefabricated housing in the 20th century, such as in the United Kingdom to replace houses bombed during World War II. Assembling sections in factories saved time on-site and reduced cost. However the quality was low, and when such prefabricated housing was left in use for longer than its designed life, it acquired a certain stigma.^{[citation needed]}.

The Crystal Palace, erected in London in 1851, was a highly visible example of iron and glass prefabricated construction; it was followed on a smaller scale by Oxford Rewley Road railway station.

Current uses

A house being built with prefabricated concrete panels.

The most widely used form of prefabrication in building and civil engineering is the use of prefabricated concrete and prefabricated steel sections in structures where a particular part or form is repeated many times. It can be difficult to construct the formwork required to mould concrete components on site, and delivering wet concrete to the site before it starts to set requires precise time management. Pouring concrete sections in a factory brings the advantages of being able to re-use moulds and the concrete can be mixed on the spot without having to be transported to and pumped wet on a congested construction site. Prefabricating steel sections reduces on-site cutting and welding costs as well as the associated hazards.

Prefabrication techniques are used in the construction of apartment blocks, and housing developments with repeated housing units. The quality of prefabricated housing units had increased to the point that they may not be distinguishable from traditionally built units to those that live in them. The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings. Prefabricated steel and glass sections are widely used for the exterior of large buildings.

Detached houses, cottages, log cabin, saunas, etc. are also sold with prefabricated elements. Prefabrication of modular wall elements allows building of complex thermal insulation, window frame components, etc. on an assembly line, which tends to improve quality over on-site construction of each individual wall or frame. Wood construction in particular benefits from the improved quality. However, tradition often favors building by hand in many countries, and the image of prefab as a "cheap" method only slows its adoption. However, current practice already allows the modifying the floor plan according to the customer's requirements and selecting the surfacing material, e.g. a personalized brick facade can be masoned even if the load-supporting elements are timber.

Prefabrication saves engineering time on the construction site in civil engineering projects. This can be vital to the success of projects such as bridges and avalanche galleries, where weather conditions may only allow brief periods of construction. Prefabricated bridge elements and systems offer bridge designers and contractors significant advantages in terms of construction time, safety, environmental impact, constructibility, and cost. Prefabrication can also help minimize the impact on traffic from bridge building. Additionally, small, commonly used structures such as concrete pylons are in most cases prefabricated.

Radio towers for mobile phone and other services often consist of multiple prefabricated sections. Modern lattice towers and guyed masts are also commonly assembled of prefabricated elements.

Prefabrication has become widely used in the assembly of aircraft and spacecraft, with components such as wings and fuselage sections often being manufactured in different countries or states from the final assembly site. However this is sometimes for political rather than commercial reasons - e.g. Airbus

Advantages of prefabrication

High capacity- enabling the realization of important projects
Factory made products
Shorter construction time- less than half of conventional cast in situ construction
Independent of adverse weather conditions during construction
Continuing erection in winter time until -20 °C
Quality surveillance system
Opportunities for good architecture
Healthy buildings
Reduced energy consumption
Environmentally friendly way of building with optimum use of materials, recycling of waste products, less noise and dust etc.
Cost effective solutions
Reduction in construction time
Safety in construction
Increase in the quality of construction.
Reduction of construction waste

^[1]

Disadvantages

Leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more efficiently.
Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and handling to place in position.
Larger groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab and monotonous.
Local jobs may be lost, if the work done to fabricate the components being located in a place far away from the place of construction. This means that there are less locals working on any construction project at any time, because fabrication is outsourced.

Off-site fabrication

Off-Site fabrication is a process that incorporates prefabrication and pre-assembly. The process involves the design and manufacture of units or modules, usually remote from the work site, and the installation at the site to form the permanent works at the site. In its fullest sense, off-site fabrication requires a project strategy that will change the orientation of the project process from construction to manufacture to installation. Examples of off-site fabrication are wall panels for homes, wooden truss bridge spans, airport control stations.

References

^ "Prefabricated Building Construction Systems Adopted in Hong Kong". Retrieved 20 August 2013.

External links

Learn about green prefab home designs
Modern Built Environment Knowledge Transfer Network
Build Offsite
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/prefab/advantag.cfm

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 発展途上国の小児における重度の栄養障害：治療 severe malnutrition in children in developing countries treatment
2. 小児における関節穿刺または注射：適応、手技、および合併症 joint aspiration or injection in children indications technique and complications
3. 卵細胞質内精子注入法 intracytoplasmic sperm injection
4. 治療経験のある薬剤耐性HIV感染患者の評価 evaluation of the treatment experienced patient with drug resistant hiv infection
5. 筋骨格損傷部の副子固定 splinting of musculoskeletal injuries

English Journal

Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of cooking skills in UK adults: cross-sectional analysis of data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey.

Adams J1,2, Goffe L3,4, Adamson AJ5,6, Halligan J7,8, O'Brien N9, Purves R10, Stead M11, Stocken D12, White M13,14.
The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.2015 Aug 5;12(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0261-x.
BACKGROUND: Poor cooking skills may be a barrier to healthy eating and a contributor to overweight and obesity. Little population-representative data on adult cooking skills has been published. We explored prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of cooking skills among adult respondents to wave
PMID 26242297

Bio-inspired computational design of iron catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide.

Yang X1.
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2015 Aug 4;51(66):13098-101. doi: 10.1039/c5cc03372a.
Inspired by the active site structure of monoiron hydrogenase, a series of iron complexes are built using experimentally ready-made acylmethylpyridinol and aliphatic PNP pincer ligands. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the newly designed iron complexes are very promising to catal
PMID 26186244

Dental and jaw injuries sustained by hooligans.

Sekulic M1, Kühl S1, Connert T2, Krastl G3, Filippi A1.
Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology.Dent Traumatol.2015 Jul 15. doi: 10.1111/edt.12205. [Epub ahead of print]
AIM: The study deals with fighting-related dental injuries sustained by hooligans and the influence of wearing a mouthguard on fighting-related dental trauma.MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2012 to 2013, standardized multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed via contacts in the hooligan scene in Sw
PMID 26176293

Evaluation of a Self-Test Device Used in Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

Elsner P1, Bjarnøe H, Aberer W, Brasch J.
Skin pharmacology and physiology.Skin Pharmacol Physiol.2015 Jul 15;28(5):257-263. [Epub ahead of print]
Considering the scarcity of dermatologic resources in many parts of the world, self-testing by patients is not only of interest for internal medicine but also for dermatology. In this open, nonrandomized, multicenter diagnostic trial involving subjects with suspected contact sensitization to nickel
PMID 26183752

Japanese Journal

占領下の日本における家庭科教育の成立と展開(XXVI) : 既製型紙の導入による被服教育の改革

柴静子,シバシズコ,Shiba Shizuko
広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要. 第二部, 文化教育開発関連領域 61, 299-308, 2012-12-21
… Williamson as a educationist in the CI&E made the plan of using readymade sewing patterns for shorten time to make clothing. … The Japanese committee made a lot of printed patterns and reference books for using them in the high school classes. … It was the excellent film to use ready-made sewing pattern in the school. …
NAID 120005198310

テレビ朝日ARK Aスタジオ照明設備更新 : 回路制御卓およびスタジオ照明システム(放送技術・番組制作技術,および一般)

湊健太郎,新藤正人,掛川直紀
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 36(23), 21-24, 2012-06-08
従来の回路割付制御機能は調光操作卓の一部として組み込まれているので、卓の不具合が発生した場合は根本的な回避策が無い状態であった。そこで、回路割付と割付情報記憶機能を持つ回路制御卓を開発した。調光操作卓がトラブル時でも汎用調光卓などとこの回路制御卓を接続することでデータをそのまま使用できるので、番組運用に支障をきたさない。また、スタジオ照明システムとして回線をイーサネットで構築したことにより、スタジ …
NAID 110009480503

現代日本における反貧困活動の展開 : 時空間の人間生態学

西川知亨
フォーラム現代社会学 (11), 41-53, 2012-05-26
貧困問題に関しては、わが国でも長い歴史がある。だがとくに2006年以降、貧困が可視化され、多くの人びとが注目するようになったと言われている。本稿の目的は、2006年から2011年までの約5年間の現代日本における反貧困活動の展開過程を、行政・国家、市場社会、他の活動などとの関係性のなかで描き出すことにある。そのために、初期シカゴ学派の人間生態学/総合的社会認識の視点を活用する。それに加えて、ネットワ …
NAID 110009486260

光通信エネルギーの有効活用のための光給電デバイス

深野秀樹,品川勇志,鶴田健二
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and Systems Society 132(4), 495-499, 2012-04-01
… We demonstrate that a ready-made sensor can be operated with an input optical power as low as 10 μW. …
NAID 10030529950

Related Pictures

Ready-Made im Design Ready-made : JP DUBS since 2006 ready-made-in-design-02 Duchamp Ready-Made Dialog | Provence Studios Omino Ready-Made | Marcantonio Raimondi le plus célèbre des ready made de Ready Made-in Design2 – Fubiz™