WordNet

enclose in a frame, as of a picture
a framework that supports and protects a picture or a mirror; "the frame enhances but is not itself the subject of attention"; "the frame was much more valuable than the miror it held" (同)framing
a single one of a series of still transparent pictures forming a cinema, television or video film
one of the ten divisions into which bowling is divided
the framework for a pair of eyeglasses
a single drawing in a comic_strip
an application that divides the users display into two or more windows that can be scrolled independently
make up plans or basic details for; "frame a policy" (同)compose, draw_up
enclose in or as if in a frame; "frame a picture" (同)frame in, border
construct by fitting or uniting parts together (同)frame up
formulate in a particular style or language; "I wouldnt put it that way"; "She cast her request in very polite language" (同)redact, cast, put, couch
the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments; "he has a job meter reading for the gas company" (同)meter reading
a datum about some physical state that is presented to a user by a meter or similar instrument; "he could not believe the meter reading"; "the barometer gave clear indications of an approaching storm" (同)meter reading, indication
written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport" (同)reading material
a particular interpretation or performance; "on that reading it was an insult"; "he was famous for his reading of Mozart"
the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message; "his main reading was detective stories"; "suggestions for further reading"
provided with a frame; "there were framed snapshots of family and friends on her desk"
formulation of the plans and important details; "the framing of judicial decrees"
a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(建造物・機械などの)『骨組み』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(戸・窓などの)『枠』;額縁《+『of』+『名』》《複数形で》めがねの枠 / 〈C〉『体格』 / 〈C〉(…の)構造,体制《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(簡略な)温室,温床 / 〈C〉(ボーリングで)フレーム(10回で1ゲームを構成するその各回);各回の得点を記入する枠 / 〈C〉(映画のフイルムの)一こま / 《修飾語を伴って》《a~》気持ち,気分 / (組み合わせて)…‘を'『形作る』,組み立てる;(ある目的などに合うように)〈人・物〉‘を'作り上げる / 〈考え・構想など〉‘を'心に抱く / 〈絵など〉‘を'粋に入れる,縁どる / 〈言葉など〉‘を'言う / 《話》〈人〉‘に'ぬれぎぬを着せる
〈U〉『読書』 / 〈U〉(読書によって得た)知識,学識 / 〈U〉朗読;〈C〉朗読会 / 〈U〉読みもの;《複数形で》(…の)選集,文選《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(劇の役・楽曲・文章などの)解釈《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(計器などの)示度 / 読書する / 読書用の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/30 13:46:38」(JST)

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Illustration of possible reading frames:

AGG·TGA·CAC·CGC·AAG·CCT·TAT·ATT·AGC

A·GGT·GAC·ACC·GCA·AGC·CTT·ATA·TTA·GC

AG·GTG·ACA·CCG·CAA·GCC·TTA·TAT·TAG·C

In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Where these triplets equate to amino acids or stop signals during translation, they are called codons.

A single strand of a nucleic acid molecule has a phosphoryl end, called the 5′-end, and a hydroxyl or 3′-end. These define the 5'→3' direction. There are three reading frames that can be read in this 5'→3' direction, each beginning from a different nucleotide in a triplet. In a double stranded nucleic acid, an additional three reading frames may be read from the other, complementary strand in the 5'→3' direction along this strand. As the two strands of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule are antiparallel, the 5'→3' direction on the second strand corresponds to the 3'→5' direction along the first strand.^[1]^[2]

In general, at most one reading frame in a given section of a nucleic acid is biologically relevant (open reading frame). Some viral transcripts can be translated using multiple, overlapping reading frames.^[3] There is one example of overlapping reading frames in mammalian mitochondrial DNA: coding portions of genes for 2 subunits of ATPase overlap.

An example of a six-frame translation

Genetic code

DNA encodes protein sequence by a series of three-nucleotide codons. Any given sequence of DNA can therefore be read in six different ways: Three reading frames in one direction (starting at different nucleotides) and three in the opposite direction. During transcription, the RNA polymerase read the template DNA strand in the 3'→5' direction, but the mRNA is formed in the 5' to 3' direction.^[4] The mRNA is single-stranded and therefore only contains three possible reading frames, of which only one is translated. The codons of the mRNA reading frame are translated in the 5'→3' direction into amino acids by a ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain.

Open reading frame

An open reading frame (ORF) is a reading frame that has the potential to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It requires a continuous sequence of DNA from a start codon, through a subsequent region which usually has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading frame.^[5]

When a putative amino acid sequence resulting from the translation of an ORF remained unknown in mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes, the corresponding open reading frame was called an unidentified reading frame (URF). For example, the MT-ATP8 gene was first described as URF A6L when the complete human mitochondrial genome was sequenced.^[6]

Multiple reading frames

The two reading frames used by the human mitochondrial genes MT-ATP8 and MT-ATP6.

The usage of multiple reading frames leads to the possibility of overlapping genes; there may be many of these in virus, prokaryote, and mitochondrial genomes.^[7] Some viruses, e.g. Hepatitis B virus and BYDV, use several overlapping genes in different reading frames.

In rare cases, a ribosome may shift from one frame to another during translation of an mRNA (translational frameshift). This causes the first part of the mRNA to be translated in one reading frame, and the latter part to be translated in a different reading frame. This is distinct from a frameshift mutation, as the nucleotide sequence (DNA or RNA) is not altered—only the frame in which it is read.

References

^ Rainey S, Repka J. "Quantitative sequence and open reading frame analysis based on codon bias" (PDF). Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 4 (1): 65–72.
^ Badger JH, Olsen GJ (April 1999). "CRITICA: Coding Region Identification Tool Invoking Comparative Analysis". Mol Biol Evol. 16 (4): 512–24. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026133. PMID 10331277.
^ Lander, Eric. "MITx 7.00x Biology".
^ Lodish (2007). Molecular Cell Biology (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 121. ISBN 1429203145.
^ Benjamin C. Pierce (2012). Genetics: a conceptual approach. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 9781429232500.
^ Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MH, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJ, Staden R, Young IG (April 1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome". Nature. 290 (5806): 457–65. doi:10.1038/290457a0. PMID 7219534.
^ Johnson Z, Chisholm S (2004). "Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes". Genome Res. 14 (11): 2268–72. doi:10.1101/gr.2433104. PMC 525685. PMID 15520290.

UpToDate Contents

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Characterization, expression, and function analysis of gonad-inhibiting hormone in Oriental River prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense and its induced expression by temperature.

Qiao H1, Xiong Y1, Zhang W1, Fu H2, Jiang S1, Sun S1, Bai H3, Jin S1, Gong Y1.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2015 Jul;185:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
Gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) is a member of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family and plays a major role in regulating reproduction in crustaceans. In this study, a full-length cDNA of GIH of Oriental River prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense (Mn-GIH) was cloned from the eyestalk. A 1350bp full-leng
PMID 25770669

Short hairpin RNA targeting AKT1 and PI3K/p85 suppresses the proliferation and self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells.

Jiang AG1, Lu HY1, Zhang DG2, Zhang LX3, Gao XY1.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Jul;12(1):363-70. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3393. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short hairpin (sh)RNA targeting AKT1 and phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/p85 on the proliferation and self‑renewal of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs). The recombinant adenovirus expression vector, which contained shRNA targeting o
PMID 25738369

Molecular cloning and characterization of CD3ε in Chinese domestic goose (Anser cygnoides).

Zhang X1, Wei S1, Shao J1, Zhang S1, Gao M1, Zhang W1, Ma B2, Wang J3.
Gene.Gene.2015 Jun 15;564(2):160-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.034. Epub 2015 Mar 18.
CD3 is one of the most important cell surface markers of T lymphocytes which play an important role in signal transmission of antigen recognition. In this study, goose CD3ε gene was cloned by touchdown PCR with the template of goose thymus cDNA. The complete open reading frame of goose CD3ε encode
PMID 25796602

Japanese Journal

HCV全長解析によるIL28B SNPと独立して治療効果を規定するウイルス因子 (特集 C型肝炎個別化医療のための宿主因子,ウイルス因子)

前川伸哉
消化器内科 55(2), 207-214, 2012-08
NAID 40019432961

Mesoniviridae: a proposed new family in the order Nidovirales formed by a single species of mosquito-borne viruses

Lauber Chris,Ziebuhr John,Junglen Sandra,Drosten Christian,Zirkel Florian,Nga Phan Thi,Morita Kouichi,Snijder Eric J.,Gorbalenya Alexander E.
Archives of Virology 157(8), 1623-1628, 2012-08
Recently, two independent surveillance studies in Côte d'Ivoire and Vietnam, respectively, led to the discovery of two mosquito-borne viruses, Cavally virus and Nam Dinh virus, with genome and pr …
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Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding of aldehyde oxidase in Pseudomonas sp. AIU 362(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Sasaki Yasutaka,Urano Nobuyuki,Kataoka Michihiko,Ogawa Jun,Iwasaki Akira,Hasegawa Junzo,Isobe Kimiyasu,Shimizu Sakayu
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(1), 28-32, 2012-07
… The ALOD gene contained an open reading frame consisting of 888 nucleotides corresponding to 295 amino acid residues. …
NAID 110009479360

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「読み枠」
拡張検索	「upstream open reading frame」「open reading frame」「reading frame shift」
関連記事	「reading」「frame」