WordNet

a double sulphate of aluminum and potassium that is used as an astringent (among other things)
a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the ammonium double sulfate of aluminum (同)ammonia alum, ammonium alum
a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the potassium double sulfate of aluminum (同)potassium_alum, potash alum
a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite (同)K, atomic number 19

PrepTutorEJDIC

みょうばん(明礬)
ポタシウム,カリウム(金属元素;化学記号はK)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/22 15:47:17」(JST)

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Potassium alum, potash alum, tawas, or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical compound: the potassium double sulfate of aluminium. Its chemical formula is KAl(SO₄)₂ and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as KAl(SO₄)₂.12(H₂O). Alum is the common name for this chemical compound, given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. It is commonly used in water purification, leather tanning, dyeing,^{[citation needed]} fireproof textiles, and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving.^[4]

Characteristics

Octahedral potassium alum crystal with unequal distribution of the face area.

Potassium alum crystallizes in regular octahedra with flattened corners, and is very soluble in water. The solution reddens litmus and is an astringent. When heated to nearly a red heat it gives a porous, friable mass which is known as "burnt alum." It fuses at 92 °C (198 °F) in its own water of crystallization. "Neutral alum" is obtained by the addition of as much sodium carbonate to a solution of alum as will begin to cause the separation of alumina.

Mineral form and occurrence

Potassium alum or alum-(K) is a naturally occurring sulfate mineral which typically occurs as encrustations on rocks in areas of weathering and oxidation of sulfide minerals and potassium-bearing minerals. In the past, alum was obtained from alunite, a mineral mined from sulfur-containing volcanic sediments source.^[5] Alunite is an associate and likely potassium and aluminium source.^[3]^[6] It has been reported at Vesuvius, Italy, east of Springsure, Queensland, Alum Cave, Tennessee, Alum Gulch, Santa Cruz County, Arizona and the Philippine island of Cebu. A related mineral is kalinite, a fibrous mineral with formula KAl(SO₄)₂·11(H₂O).^[7]

Uses

Chemical

in tanning of leather to prepare the hide
as a mordant for dyes
in the clarifying of turbid liquids, including post-storm treatment of lakes to precipitate contaminants^[8]
as a fire retardant in textile products
(historically) as a hardener for photographic emulsions (films and papers), usually as part of the fixer. Modern alternatives are superior.

Medicinal

as an astringent/styptic and antiseptic.
- as a natural deodorant by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible for body odor.^[4]
- after shaving to prepare the skin
- to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions, nosebleeds, and hemorrhoids.

Culinary

As an additive to baking powder to provide a second leavening phase at high temperatures.

Traditional

In Ayurveda, where it is called phitkari or saurashtri
In traditional Chinese medicine it is called ming fan.^[9]

Toxicology and safety

Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum are a weak irritant to the skin.^[10]

References

^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. Electronic version.
^ "Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate". ChemExper. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^ ^a ^b "Alum-(K) Mineral Data". Mineralogy Database. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^ ^a ^b Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is Alum?". About.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^ Bottomley (2010) p. 35
^ "Alum-(K) mineral data and informaton". MinDat. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^ "Kalinite Mineral Data". MinDat. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
^ http://www.engr.wisc.edu/news/archive/2013/aug20.html
^ http://tcm.health-info.org/Herbology.Materia.Medica/mingfan-properties.htm Uses of Alum in Traditional Chinese Medicine
^ Gallego H, Lewis EJ, Crutchfield CE 3rd (July 1999). "Crystal deodorant dermatitis: irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant". Cutis 64 (1): 65–6. PMID 10431678.

External links

Potassium Alum: Mineral Data
Mindat

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Influence of drinking water treatments on chlorine dioxide consumption and chlorite/chlorate formation.

Sorlini S1, Gialdini F2, Biasibetti M2, Collivignarelli C2.Author information 1University of Brescia, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Land, Environment and Mathematics, via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: sabrina.sorlini@unibs.it.2University of Brescia, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Land, Environment and Mathematics, via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy.AbstractDisinfection is the last treatment stage of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) and is carried out to maintain a residual concentration of disinfectant in the water distribution system. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a widely used chemical employed for this purpose. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of several treatments on chlorine dioxide consumption and on chlorite and chlorate formation in the final oxidation/disinfection stage. A number of tests was performed at laboratory scale employing water samples collected from the DWTP of Cremona (Italy). The following processes were studied: oxidation with potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite, coagulation/flocculation with ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate, filtration and adsorption onto activated carbon. The results showed that the chlorine dioxide demand is high if sodium hypochlorite or potassium permanganate are employed in pre-oxidation. On the other hand, chlorine dioxide leads to the highest production of chlorite and chlorate. The coagulation/flocculation process after pre-oxidation shows that chlorine dioxide demand decreases if potassium permanganate is employed as an oxidant, both with ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. Therefore, the combination of these processes leads to a lower production of chlorite and chlorate. Aluminum sulfate is preferable in terms of the chlorine dioxide demand reduction and minimization of the chlorite and chlorate formation. Activated carbon is the most effective solution as it reduced the chlorine dioxide consumption by about 50% and the DBP formation by about 20-40%.
Water research.Water Res.2014 May 1;54:44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.038. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
Disinfection is the last treatment stage of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) and is carried out to maintain a residual concentration of disinfectant in the water distribution system. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a widely used chemical employed for this purpose. The aim of this work was to evalu
PMID 24534637

Chronic Aluminum Intake Causes Alzheimer's Disease: Applying Sir Austin Bradford Hill's Causality Criteria.

Walton JR.Author information University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.AbstractIndustrialized societies produce many convenience foods with aluminum additives that enhance various food properties and use alum (aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate) in water treatment to enable delivery of large volumes of drinking water to millions of urban consumers. The present causality analysis evaluates the extent to which the routine, life-long intake, and metabolism of aluminum compounds can account for Alzheimer's disease (AD), using Austin Bradford Hill's nine epidemiological and experimental causality criteria, including strength of the relationship, consistency, specificity, temporality, dose-dependent response, biological rationale, coherence with existing knowledge, experimental evidence, and analogy. Mechanisms that underlie the risk of low concentrations of aluminum relate to (1) aluminum's absorption rates, allowing the impression that aluminum is safe to ingest and as an additive in food and drinking water treatment, (2) aluminum's slow progressive uptake into the brain over a long prodromal phase, and (3) aluminum's similarity to iron, in terms of ionic size, allows aluminum to use iron-evolved mechanisms to enter the highly-active, iron-dependent cells responsible for memory processing. Aluminum particularly accumulates in these iron-dependent cells to toxic levels, dysregulating iron homeostasis and causing microtubule depletion, eventually producing changes that result in disconnection of neuronal afferents and efferents, loss of function and regional atrophy consistent with MRI findings in AD brains. AD is a human form of chronic aluminum neurotoxicity. The causality analysis demonstrates that chronic aluminum intake causes AD.
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.J Alzheimers Dis.2014 Feb 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Industrialized societies produce many convenience foods with aluminum additives that enhance various food properties and use alum (aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate) in water treatment to enable delivery of large volumes of drinking water to millions of urban consumers. The present caus
PMID 24577474

Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in modified TiO2 under visible irradiation.

Dalida ML1, Amer KM, Su CC, Lu MC.Author information 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon, 1101, Philippines.AbstractThis study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (ACT) in synthetic titanium dioxide (TiO2) solution under a visible light (λ >440 nm). The TiO2 photocatalyst used in this study was synthesized via sol-gel method and doped with potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2) and sodium aluminate (NaAlO2). The influence of some parameters on the degradation of acetaminophen was examined, such as initial pH, photocatalyst dosage, and initial ACT concentration. The optimal operational conditions were also determined. Results showed that synthetic TiO2 catalysts presented mainly as anatase phase and no rutile phase was observed. The results of photocatalytic degradation showed that LED alone degraded negligible amount of ACT but with the presence of TiO2/KAl(SO4)2, 95% removal of 0.10-mM acetaminophen in 540-min irradiation time was achieved. The synthetic TiO2/KAl(SO4)2 presented better photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen than commercially available Degussa P-25. The weak crystallinity of synthesized TiO2/NaAlO2 photocatalyst showed low photocatalytic degradation than TiO2/KAl(SO4)2. The optimal operational conditions were obtained in pH 6.9 with a dose of 1.0 g/L TiO2/KAl(SO4)2 at 30 °C. Kinetic study illustrated that photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen fits well in the pseudo-first order model. Competitive reactions from intermediates affected the degradation rate of ACT, and were more obvious as the initial ACT concentration increased.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2014 Jan;21(2):1208-16. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2003-4. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
This study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (ACT) in synthetic titanium dioxide (TiO2) solution under a visible light (λ >440 nm). The TiO2 photocatalyst used in this study was synthesized via sol-gel method and doped with potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2) and so
PMID 23888349

Japanese Journal

Potassium alum and aluminum sulfate micro-inclusions in polar ice from Dome Fuji, East Antarctica

Ohno Hiroshi,Iizuka Yoshinori,Horikawa Shinichiro,Sakurai Toshimitsu,Hondoh Takeo,Motoyama Hideaki
Polar science 8(1), 1-9, 2014-03
… We report the first finding of KAl(SO_4)_2・12H_2O (potassium alum) and Al_2(SO_4)_3・nH_2O (aluminum sulfate) micro-inclusions in the Dome Fuji ice core, East Antartica, using a micro-Raman technique. … Eutectic temperatures of these water-soluble species determined using thermal analysis were -0.4 °C for potassium alum and -8.0 °C for aluminum sulfate. …
NAID 110009687662

膠の主成分ゼラチンの蛍光特性変化について : 濃度依存性と硫酸アルミニウムカリウムの影響

吉田直人
保存科学 (54), 185-191, 2014
NAID 40020515664

NF membrane fouling by aluminum and iron coagulant residuals after coagulation-MF pretreatment

Ohno Koichi,Matsui Yoshihiko,Itoh Masaki,Oguchi Yoshifumi,Kondo Takuya,Konno Yosuke,Matsushita Taku,Magara Yasumoto
Desalination 254(1-3), 17-22, 2010-05-15
… In the laboratory-scale experiments, NF feed water was pretreated with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) or alum followed by MF. … Thermodynamic calculations and elemental analysis of foulants recovered from the membranes indicated that the majority of inorganic foulants were compounds composed of aluminum, silicate, and possibly potassium. …
NAID 120002045469

★リンクテーブル★

「alum」

Potassium aluminium sulfate
	IUPAC name Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate
	Other names Potassium alum; Potash alum; Alum-(K)
Identifiers
CAS number	10043-67-1 , ; 7784-24-9 (dodecahydrate)
PubChem	24856
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Al+3].[K+] ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Al.K.2H2O4S/c;;21-5(2,3)4/h;;2(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+3;+1;;/p-4 ;
Properties
Molecular formula	KAl(SO4)2
Molar mass	258.205 g/mol
Appearance	white small crystals
Odor	watery metallic
Density	1.725 g/cm3
Melting point	92–93 °C
Boiling point	200 °C
Solubility in water	14.00 g/100 mL (20 °C); 36.80 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in acetone
Refractive index (nD)	1.4564
Hazards
NFPA 704	0 2 0
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	(verify) (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

ミョウバン

関: aluminum potassium sulfate

[1] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. Electronic version.

[ChemExper-2] "Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate". ChemExper. Retrieved 2013-04-19.

[WebMineral-3] "Alum-(K) Mineral Data". Mineralogy Database. Retrieved 2013-04-19.

[AlumAbout.com-4] Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is Alum?". About.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.

[5] Bottomley (2010) p. 35

[MinDat-6] "Alum-(K) mineral data and informaton". MinDat. Retrieved 2013-04-19.

[MinDat2-7] "Kalinite Mineral Data". MinDat. Retrieved 2013-04-19.

[8] ttp://www.engr.wisc.edu/news/archive/2013/aug20.html

[9] ttp://tcm.health-info.org/Herbology.Materia.Medica/mingfan-properties.htm Uses of Alum in Traditional Chinese Medicine

[10] Gallego H, Lewis EJ, Crutchfield CE 3rd (July 1999). "Crystal deodorant dermatitis: irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant". Cutis 64 (1): 65–6. PMID 10431678.

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案内

potassium alum