| Piriformis muscle |
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Buttocks seen from behind (the piriformis and the rest of the lateral rotator group are visible)
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Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions seen from the front.
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| Details |
| Origin |
Sacrum |
| Insertion |
Greater trochanter |
| Artery |
Inferior gluteal , lateral sacral and superior gluteal artery, |
| Nerve |
Nerve to the piriformis (L5, S1, and S2) |
| Actions |
External rotator of the thigh |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
Musculus piriformis |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
m_22/12550205 |
| TA |
A04.7.02.011 |
| FMA |
19082 |
| Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
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The piriformis (from Latin piriformis = "pear shaped") is a muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limb. It is one of the six muscles in the lateral rotator group.
It was first named by Adriaan van den Spiegel, a professor from the University of Padua in the 16th century.[1]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 Additional images
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Structure
The piriformis muscle originates from the anterior (front) part of the sacrum, the part of the spine in the gluteal region, and from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament). It exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. Its tendon often joins with the tendons of the superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles prior to insertion.
The piriformis is a flat muscle, pyramidal in shape, lying almost parallel with the posterior margin of the gluteus medius.
It is situated partly within the pelvis against its posterior wall, and partly at the back of the hip-joint.
It arises from the front of the sacrum by three fleshy digitations, attached to the portions of bone between the first, second, third, and fourth anterior sacral foramina, and to the grooves leading from the foramina: a few fibers also arise from the margin of the greater sciatic foramen, and from the anterior surface of the sacrotuberous ligament.
The muscle passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, the upper part of which it fills, and is inserted by a rounded tendon into the upper border of the greater trochanter behind, but often partly blended with, the common tendon of the obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles.
Variation
In 17% of people, the piriformis muscle is pierced by parts or all of the sciatic nerve. Several variations occur, but the most common type of anomaly (81% of anomalies) is the Beaton's type B which is when the common peroneal nerve pierces the piriformis muscle.[1]
It may be united with the gluteus medius, send fibers to the gluteus minimus, or receive fibers from the superior gemellus.
It may have one or two sacral attachments; or it may be inserted into the capsule of the hip joint.
Function
The piriformis muscle is part of the lateral rotators of the hip, along with the quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, obturator externus, and obturator internus. The piriformis laterally rotates the femur with hip extension and abducts the femur with hip flexion. Abduction of the flexed thigh is important in the action of walking because it shifts the body weight to the opposite side of the foot being lifted, which prevents falling. The action of the lateral rotators can be understood by crossing the legs to rest an ankle on the knee of the other leg. This causes the femur to rotate and point the knee laterally. The lateral rotators also oppose medial rotation by the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. When the hip is flexed to 90 degrees, piriformis abducts the femur at the hip and reverses primary function, internally rotating the hip when the hip is flexed at 90 degrees or more. (Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 2010)
Clinical significance
Main article: Piriformis syndrome
Piriformis syndrome occurs when the piriformis irritates the sciatic nerve, which comes into the gluteal region beneath the muscle, causing pain in the buttocks and referred pain along the sciatic nerve.[2] This referred pain is known as sciatica. Seventeen percent of the population has their sciatic nerve coursing through the piriformis muscle. This subgroup of the population is predisposed to developing sciatica. Sciatica can be described by pain, tingling, or numbness deep in the buttocks and along the sciatic nerve. Sitting down, stretching, climbing stairs, and performing squats usually increases pain. Diagnosing the syndrome is usually based on symptoms and on the physical exam. More testing, including MRIs, X-rays, and nerve conduction tests can be administered to exclude other possible diseases.[2] If diagnosed with piriformis syndrome, the first treatment involves progressive stretching exercises, massage therapy (including neuromuscular therapy) and physical treatment. Corticosteroids can be injected into the piriformis muscle if pain continues. Findings suggest the possibility that Botulinum toxin type B may be of potential benefit in the treatment of pain attributed to piriformis syndrome.[3] A more invasive, but sometimes necessary treatment involves surgical exploration; however, the side effects of the surgery could be much worse than alternative treatments such as physical therapy. Surgery should always be a last resort. [2]
Landmark
The piriformis is a very important landmark in the gluteal region. As it travels through the greater sciatic foramen, it effectively divides it into an inferior and superior part.
This determines the name of the vessels and nerves in this region – the nerve and vessels that emerge superior to the piriformis are the superior gluteal nerve and superior gluteal vessels. Inferiorly, it is the same, and the sciatic nerve also travels inferiorly to the piriformis.[4]
Additional images
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Pelvis seen from behind (the piriformis and the rest of the lateral rotator group are visible)
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Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions
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Pelvic contents: male.Superior view.Deep dissection.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b Smoll NR (January 2010). "Variations of the piriformis and sciatic nerve with clinical consequence: a review". Clinical Anatomy. 23 (1): 8–17. PMID 19998490. doi:10.1002/ca.20893.
- ^ a b c "The piriformis syndrome". Retrieved 2007-11-16.
- ^ Lang AM (March 2004). "Botulinum toxin type B in piriformis syndrome". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 83 (3): 198–202. PMID 15043354. doi:10.1097/01.PHM.0000113404.35647.D8.
- ^ "Muscles of the Gluteal Region". TeachMeAnatomy. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
External links
- "Piriformis" University of Washington
- Anatomy photo:13:st-0408 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Gluteal Region: Muscles"
- Anatomy photo:43:15-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The Female Pelvis: The Posterolateral Pelvic Wall"
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Muscles of the hip and human leg
|
| Iliac region |
- Iliopsoas
- psoas major/psoas minor
- iliacus
|
| Buttocks |
- Gluteal muscles
- tensor fasciae latae
|
| lateral rotator group: |
- quadratus femoris
- inferior gemellus
- superior gemellus
- internal obturator
- external obturator
- piriformis
|
|
Thigh /
compartments |
| Anterior |
- sartorius
- quadriceps
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
- articularis genus
|
| Posterior |
- hamstring
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
|
| Medial |
- pectineus
- external obturator
- gracilis
- adductor
- longus
- brevis
- magnus
- minimus
|
| Fascia |
- Femoral sheath
- Femoral ring
- Adductor canal
- Adductor hiatus
- Muscular lacuna
|
| fascia lata |
-
- Iliotibial tract
- Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
- Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
- Cribriform fascia
|
|
|
Leg/
compartments |
| Anterior |
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- peroneus tertius
|
| Posterior |
| superficial |
- triceps surae
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- accessory soleus
- Achilles tendon
- plantaris
|
| deep |
- tarsal tunnel
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- tibialis posterior
- popliteus
|
|
| Lateral |
|
| Fascia |
|
|
| Intermuscular septa |
- anterior
- posterior
- transverse
|
|
|
| Foot |
| Dorsal |
- extensor hallucis brevis
- extensor digitorum brevis
|
| Plantar |
- 1st layer
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi
- 2nd layer
- quadratus plantae
- lumbrical muscle
- 3rd layer
- flexor hallucis brevis
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi brevis
- 4th layer
- dorsal interossei
- plantar interossei
|
| Fascia |
- Plantar fascia
- retinacula
- Peroneal
- Inferior extensor
- Superior extensor
- Flexor
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