WordNet

use wrongly or improperly or excessively; "Her husband often abuses alcohol"; "while she was pregnant, she abused drugs"
use foul or abusive language towards; "The actress abused the policeman who gave her a parking ticket"; "The angry mother shouted at the teacher" (同)clapperclaw, blackguard, shout
a rude expression intended to offend or hurt; "when a student made a stupid mistake he spared them no abuse"; "they yelled insults at the visiting team" (同)insult, revilement, contumely, vilification
relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics; "physical sciences"; "physical laws"
according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter); "a reflex response to physical stimuli"
characterized by energetic bodily activity; "a very physical dance performance"
concerned with material things; "physical properties"; "the physical characteristics of the earth"; "the physical size of a computer"
having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses; "a physical manifestation"; "surrounded by tangible objects"
involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit; "physical exercise"; "physical suffering"; "was sloppy about everything but her physical appearance"
used improperly or excessively especially drugs; "an abused substance"
subjected to cruel treatment; "an abused wife" (同)ill-treated, maltreated, mistreated

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(自分の,あるいは人の権利などの)『乱用』,悪用《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》悪習,悪弊 / 〈U〉『悪口』,悪態,ののしり / 〈地位・権力など〉'を'『乱用する』,悪用する / …'を'『虐待する』(maltreat),酷使する / …'を'『ののしる』,‘の'悪口をいう
『身体の,肉体の』(bodily) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『物質の』(material);『自然[界]の』 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『物理学の』,物理的な;自然科学の / 身体検査(physical examination)
《古》医薬,(特に)下剤 / …‘に'薬を飲ませる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/11 17:05:17」(JST)

wiki en

Physical abuse is an act of another party involving contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.^[1]^[2] Physical abuse has been described among animals too, for example among the Adélie penguins.^[3] In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can be the sufferers too. Physically abused children are at risk for later interpersonal problems involving aggressive behavior, and adolescents are at a much greater risk for substance abuse. In addition, symptoms of depression, emotional distress, and suicidal ideation are also common features of people who have been physically abused. Studies have also shown that children with a history of physical abuse may meet DSM-IV-TR criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).^[4]

Causes

The causes of physical abuse against children are numerous but listed below are some of the common causes according to Mash and Wolfe.

Many abusive and neglectful parents have had little exposure to positive parental models and supports.
There is often a greater degree of stress in the family environment.
Information-processing disturbances may cause maltreating parents to misperceive or mislabel their child's behavior, which leads to inappropriate responses.
There is often a lack of awareness or understanding of developmentally appropriate expectations.^[4]

Forms

Striking
Punching
Pushing, pulling
Slapping
Striking with an object
Excessive pinching on the body
Kicking
Tripping
Kneeing
Strangling
Headbutting
Drowning
Sleep deprivation
Exposure to cold, freezing
Exposure to heat or radiation, burning
Exposure to electric shock
Placing in stress positions (tied or otherwise forced)
Cutting or otherwise exposing somebody to something sharp
Exposure to a dangerous animal
Throwing or shooting a projectile
Withholding food or medication
Blinding a person or causing impairment of sight.
Biting
Eye poking

Consensual physical abuse

Consensual physical abuse is a common component of erotic humiliation and BDSM.

Treatment

Seeking treatment is unlikely for a majority of people that are physically abused, and the ones who are seeking treatment are usually under some form of legal constraint. The prevention and treatment options for physically abused children include: enhancing positive experiences early in the development of the parent-child relationship, as well as changing how parents teach, discipline, and attend to their children. Evidence-based interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as video-feedback interventions and child-parent psychodynamic psychotherapy; all of which specifically target anger patterns and distorted beliefs, and offer training and/or reflection, support, and modelling that focuses on parenting skills and expectations, as well as increasing empathy for the child by supporting the parent's taking the child's perspective.^[5]^[6]^[7] These forms of treatment may include training in social competence and management of daily demands in an effort to decrease parental stress, which is a known risk factor for physical abuse. Although these treatment and prevention strategies are to help children and parents of children who have been abused, some of these methods can also be applied to adults who have physically abused.^[4]

References

^ Norway : Treatment Program For Men Who Batter (Haugan, Grethemor Skagseth and Nøttestad, Jim Aage. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim, Norway)
^ Child Abuse & Neglect: Physical Abuse (Giardino, Angelo P., Eileen R Giardino. 12 December 2008. eMedicine. WebMD)
^ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mash, Eric (2010). Abnormal Child Psychology. Belmont,California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 427–463. ISBN 9780495506270.
^ Kolko, D. J. (1996). Individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1, 322-342.
^ Schechter DS, Myers MM, Brunelli SA, Coates SW, Zeanah CH, Davies M, Grienenberger JF, Marshall RD, McCaw JE, Trabka KA, Liebowitz MR (2006). Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(5), 429-448.
^ Lieberman, A.F. (2007). "Ghosts and angels: Intergenerational patterns in the transmission and treatment of the traumatic sequelae of domestic violence". Infant Mental Health Journal 28 (4): 422–439. doi:10.1002/imhj.20145.

External links

Physical abuse at DMOZ

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における身体的虐待：診断的評価とマネージメント physical abuse in children diagnostic evaluation and management
2. 小児における身体的虐待：疫学と臨床症状 physical abuse in children epidemiology and clinical manifestations
3. 配偶者などからの暴力：診断およびスクリーニング intimate partner violence diagnosis and screening
4. 配偶者などからの暴力：介入および患者マネージメント intimate partner violence intervention and patient management
5. 児童虐待の整形外科的側面 orthopedic aspects of child abuse

English Journal

Monitoring of selected priority and emerging contaminants in the Guadalquivir River and other related surface waters in the province of Jaén, South East Spain.

Robles-Molina J1, Gilbert-López B1, García-Reyes JF1, Molina-Díaz A2.Author information 1Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.2Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. Electronic address: amolina@ujaen.es.AbstractThe province of Jaén counts with four natural parks, numerous rivers, reservoirs and wetlands; moreover, it is probably the region with higher olive oil production in the world, which makes this zone a proper target to be studied based on the European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. The aim of this survey is to monitor a total number of 373 compounds belonging to different families (pesticides, PAHs, nitrosamines, drugs of abuse, pharmaceuticals and life-style compounds) in surface waters located at different points of the province of Jaén. Among these compounds some priority organic substances (regulated by the EU Directive 2008/105/EC) and pollutants of emerging concern (not regulated yet) can be found. A liquid chromatography electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) method covering 340 compounds was developed and applied, together with a gas chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method which enabled the analysis of 63 organic contaminants (30 of these compounds are analyzed by LC-TOFMS as well). From April 2009 to November 2010 a total of 83 surface water samples were collected (rivers, reservoirs and wetlands). In this period numerous organic contaminants were detected, most of them at the ngL(-1) level. The most frequently priority substances found were chlorpyrifos ethyl, diuron and hexachlorobenzene. Within the other groups, the most frequently detected compounds were: terbuthylazine, oxyfluorfen, desethyl terbuthylazine, diphenylamine (pesticide family); fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene (PAHs group), codeine, paracetamol (pharmaceuticals compounds) and caffeine, nicotine (life-style compounds). As is could be expected, the total concentration of emerging contaminants is distinctly larger than that of priority pollutants, highlighting the importance of continuing with the study of their presence, fate and effects in aquatic environments. However, concentration levels (at the ng per liter level) are low in general for both kinds of contaminants which minimizes the possible harmful effect on the environment.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 May 1;479-480:247-57. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.121. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
The province of Jaén counts with four natural parks, numerous rivers, reservoirs and wetlands; moreover, it is probably the region with higher olive oil production in the world, which makes this zone a proper target to be studied based on the European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. The aim o
PMID 24561930

Long- or short-acting opioids for chronic non-malignant pain? A qualitative systematic review.

Pedersen L1, Borchgrevink PC, Riphagen II, Fredheim OM.Author information 1National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, Institute of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.AbstractIn selected patients with chronic non-malignant pain, chronic opioid therapy is indicated. Published guidelines recommend long-acting over short-acting opioids in these patients. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether long-acting opioids in chronic non-malignant pain are superior to short-acting opioids in pain relief, physical function, sleep quality, quality of life or adverse events. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant trials up to July 2012. Reference lists of included trials and relevant reviews were in addition searched by hand. Of the 1168 identified publications, 6 randomised trials evaluating efficacy and safety filled the criteria for inclusion. None of them found a significantly better pain relief, significantly less consumption of rescue analgesia, improved quality of sleep or improved physical function from long-acting opioids. None of the trials investigated quality of life. None of the trials investigated adverse events properly nor addiction, tolerance or hyperalgesia. Three trials in healthy volunteers with a recreational drug use, found no difference in abuse potential between long- and short-acting opioids. While long term, comparative data are lacking, there is fair evidence from short-term trials that long-acting opioids provide equal pain relief compared with short-acting opioids. Contrary to several guidelines, there is no evidence supporting long-acting opioids superiority to short-acting ones in improving functional outcomes, reducing side effects or addiction.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2014 Apr;58(4):390-401. doi: 10.1111/aas.12279.
In selected patients with chronic non-malignant pain, chronic opioid therapy is indicated. Published guidelines recommend long-acting over short-acting opioids in these patients. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether long-acting opioids in chronic non-malignant pain are superi
PMID 24617618

Alcohol and tobacco use among maltreated and non-maltreated adolescents in a birth cohort.

Mills R1, Alati R, Strathearn L, Najman JM.Author information 1School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Logan Hospital, Loganholme DC, Qld, Australia.AbstractAIMS: This study examines whether child maltreatment experience predicts adolescent tobacco and alcohol use.
Addiction (Abingdon, England).Addiction.2014 Apr;109(4):672-80. doi: 10.1111/add.12447. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
AIMS: This study examines whether child maltreatment experience predicts adolescent tobacco and alcohol use.METHODS: The subjects were participants in the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a birth cohort of 7223, of whom 5158 (71.4%) were available for analysis at the 14-year follow-up. Ch
PMID 24325599

Japanese Journal

愛着の"つまづき"及び児童虐待への予防的支援 : Healthy Families America プログラムを中心に

久保田まり
人文・社会科学論集 = Toyo Eiwa Journal of the humanities and social sciences 31, 47-62, 2014-03
… Child maltreatment not only results in acute physical injuries but also predicts mental health problems, and adult relationship problems. …
NAID 120005419029