Pertussis vaccine
| Vaccine description |
| Target disease |
Bordetella pertussis |
| Type |
? |
| Clinical data |
| MedlinePlus |
a682198 |
| Legal status |
|
| Identifiers |
| CAS Registry Number |
Y |
| ATC code |
J07AJ01 J07AJ02 |
| N (what is this?) (verify) |
Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine used against Bordetella pertussis.[1]
They are effective[2] and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization[3] and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.[4] The vaccine saved over an estimated half a million lives in 2002.[3]
The multi-component acellular pertussis vaccine is 71–85% effective with greater effectiveness for more severe strains.[2] Despite widespread vaccination, however, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today "one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries".[5] The twenty-first century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines.[5][6]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[7]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 2 Side effects
- 3 Modern formulations
- 4 History
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Medical uses
Acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) with three or more antigens prevents around 85% of typical whooping cough cases in children.[2] It has higher or similar efficacy to the previously-used whole cell pertussis vaccine, however the efficacy of the acellular vaccine declines faster.[2] Rates of side effects are also less aP.[2]
Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. The recent resurgence in pertussis infections is put down to a combination of waning immunity and new mutations in the pathogen that existing vaccines are unable to effectively control.[8][9]
Children
For children, the immunizations are commonly given in combination with immunizations against tetanus, diphtheria, polio, and haemophilus influenzae type B at ages two, four, six, and 15–18 months.[10] A single later booster is given at four to six years of age (US schedule). In the UK, pertussis vaccinations are given at 2, 3, and 4 months, with a pre-school booster at 3 years 4 months.
Adults
In 2006 the CDC recommended adults receive pertussis vaccination along with the tetanus and diphtheria toxoid booster.[11] In 2011 they began recommended boosters during each pregnancy.[11] In the UK vaccination of pregnant women (between 28 and 38 weeks of pregnancy) is also recommended.[12]
The pertussis booster for adults is combined with a tetanus vaccine and diphtheria vaccine booster; this combination is abbreviated "Tdap" (Tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis). It is similar to the childhood vaccine called "DTaP" (Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis), with the main difference that the adult version contains smaller amounts of the diphtheria and pertussis components—this is indicated in the name by the use of lower-case "d" and "p" for the adult vaccine. The lower-case "a" in each vaccine indicates that the pertussis component is acellular, or cell-free, which improves safety by dramatically reducing the incidence of side effects. Adults should request the Tdap instead of just a tetanus vaccination in order to receive the multi-vaccine. The pertussis component of the original DPT vaccine accounted for most of the minor local and systemic side effects in many vaccinated infants (such as mild fever or soreness at the injection site). The newer acellular vaccine, known as DTaP, has greatly reduced the incidence of adverse effects compared to the earlier "whole-cell" pertussis vaccine, however the efficacy of the acellular vaccine declines faster than the whole-cell vaccine.[13][14]
Side effects
Local reactions, such as fever, redness and swelling at the injection site, and soreness and tenderness where the shot was given, are not uncommon in children and adults. These minor local and systemic adverse reactions are much less common with acellular DTaP vaccine; however, a determination of more rare adverse effects can only be made when additional data are available following extended use of DTaP.
Modern formulations
As of 2009 there were four acellular TDaP/Tdap vaccines licensed for use in USA: Infanrix and DAPTACEL – for children, Boostrix and ADACEL – for adolescents and adults.[15]
Composition of the pertussis component of selected vaccines[15]
| Vaccine |
Producer |
Licensed for |
Pertussis toxin (PT), μg |
Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), μg |
Pertactin (PRN), μg |
Fimbriae (FIM), μg |
| Infanrix |
GlaxoSmithKline |
6 weeks to 7 years |
25 |
25 |
8 |
– |
| Boostrix |
GlaxoSmithKline |
older than 10 years |
8 |
8 |
2.5 |
– |
| DAPTACEL |
Sanofi Pasteur |
6 weeks to 7 years |
10 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
| ADACEL |
Sanofi Pasteur |
11 to 64 years |
2.5 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
History
See also: Pertussis § History
Pertussis vaccine is usually administered as a component of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines. There are several types of DTP vaccines. The first vaccine against pertussis was developed in the 1930s. It included whole-cell killed Bordetella pertussis bacteria. Until the beginning of the 1990s it was used as a part of the DTwP vaccine for the immunization of children. It, however, contained pertussis endotoxin (surface lipooligosaccharide) and produced side effects.[16]
New acellular pertussis vaccines were developed in the 1980s, which included only a few selected pertussis antigens (toxins and adhesins).[16] Acellular vaccines are less likely to provoke side effects.[17] They became a part of DTaP vaccines for children.[16] In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis vaccine.[18] These (Tdap) vaccines contain reduced amounts of pertussis antigens compared to DTaP vaccines.[15]
References
- ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pertussis". Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ a b c d e Zhang, L; Prietsch, SO; Axelsson, I; Halperin, SA (Sep 17, 2014). "Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 9: CD001478. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6. PMID 25228233.
- ^ a b "Annex 6 whole cell pertussis" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ "Pertussis: Summary of Vaccine Recommendations". Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
- ^ a b Mooi; et al. (Feb 2013). "Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation—two sides of the same coin". Epidemiology and Infection (Oxford University Press) 142: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0950268813000071.
- ^ van der Ark; et al. (Sep 2012). "Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models.". Expert Reviews 11 (9): 1121–1137. doi:10.1586/erv.12.83.
- ^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Mooi; et al. (Feb 2013). "Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaptation - two sides of the same coin.". Epidemiology and Infection (Oxford University Press) 142: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0950268813000071.
- ^ van der Ark; et al. (Sep 2012). "Resurgence of pertussis calls for re-evaluation of pertussis animal models.". Expert Reviews 11 (9): 1121–1137. doi:10.1586/erv.12.83.
- ^ "Immunisation and Pentavalent Vaccine". UNICEF.
- ^ a b Kline, JM; Lewis, WD; Smith, EA; Tracy, LR; Moerschel, SK (15 October 2013). "Pertussis: a reemerging infection.". American family physician 88 (8): 507–14. PMID 24364571.
- ^ "Whooping cough outbreak: Pregnant women to be vaccinated". BBC News.
- ^ "Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed, ADACEL, Aventis Pasteur Ltd". Archived from the original on 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Allen A (2013). "Public health. The pertussis paradox". Science 341 (6145): 454–5. doi:10.1126/science.341.6145.454. PMID 23908204.
- ^ a b c Cherry, J. D. (2009). "How Can We Eradicate Pertussis". Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 634. pp. 41–51. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_4. ISBN 978-0-387-79837-0.
- ^ a b c Cherry, J. D. (2013). Heitman, Joseph, ed. "Pertussis: Challenges Today and for the Future". PLoS Pathogens 9 (7): e1003418. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003418. PMC 3723573. PMID 23935481.
- ^ Patel SS, Wagstaff AJ (Aug 1996). "Acellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix-DTPa; SB-3). A review of its immunogenicity, protective efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of Bordetella pertussis infection". Drugs 52 (2): 254–275. doi:10.2165/00003495-199652020-00010. PMID 8841742.
- ^ Karen R. Broder, Margaret M. Cortese, John K. Iskander et al. (24 March 2006). "Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". CDC. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
External links
- Tdap and Td vaccines, MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 February 2014
- Pertussis Vaccine Information, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA
