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the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along (同)vermiculation

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蠕動(ぜんどう)運動(筋肉の収縮と弛緩(しかん)の運動)
(腸壁などの)蠕動(ぜんどう)運動の[ような]

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/10 16:01:29」(JST)

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For other uses, see peristaltic pump.

A time-space diagram of a peristaltic wave after a water swallow. High pressure values are red, zero pressure is blue-green. The ridge in the upper part of the picture is the high pressure of the upper esophageal sphincter which only opens for a short time to let water pass.

Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down a muscular tube, in an anterograde fashion. Peristalsis is often found in the contraction of smooth muscle tissue to propel food/chyme through a digestive tract, such as the human gastrointestinal tract. It is wave contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles preceded by wave relaxation of these muscles. Earthworms use a similar mechanism to drive their locomotion.^[1] The word comes from New Latin and is derived from the Greek peristallein, "to wrap around," from peri-, "around" + stallein, "to place".

In much of the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle contracts in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave, which forces a ball of food (called a bolus while in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract and chyme in the stomach) along the gastrointestinal tract. Peristaltic movement is initiated by circular smooth muscles contracting behind the chewed material to prevent it from moving back into the mouth, followed by a contraction of longitudinal smooth muscles which pushes the digested food forward. Catastalsis is a related intestinal muscle process.^[2]

Esophagus[edit]

After food is chewed into a bolus, it is swallowed and moved through the esophagus. Smooth muscles contract behind the bolus to prevent it from being squeezed back into the mouth. Then rhythmic, unidirectional waves of contractions will work to rapidly force the food into the stomach. This process works in one direction only and its sole purpose is to move food from the mouth into the stomach.^[2]

In the esophagus, two types of peristalsis occur.

A simplified image showing peristalsis

First, there is a primary peristaltic wave, which occurs when the bolus enters the esophagus during swallowing. The primary peristaltic wave forces the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach in a wave lasting about 8–9 seconds. The wave travels down to the stomach even if the bolus of food descends at a greater rate than the wave itself, and will continue even if for some reason the bolus gets stuck further up the esophagus.
In the event that the bolus gets stuck or moves slower than the primary peristaltic wave (as can happen when it is poorly lubricated), stretch receptors in the esophageal lining are stimulated and a local reflex response causes a secondary peristaltic wave around the bolus, forcing it further down the esophagus, and these secondary waves will continue indefinitely until the bolus enters the stomach. The process of peristalsis is controlled by medulla oblongata.

Esophageal peristalsis is typically assessed by performing an esophageal motility study.

Small intestine[edit]

Once processed and digested by the stomach, the milky chyme is squeezed through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine. Once past the stomach a typical peristaltic wave will only last for a few seconds, travelling at only a few centimeters per second. Its primary purpose is to mix the chyme in the intestine rather than to move it forward in the intestine. Through this process of mixing and continued digestion and absorption of nutrients, the chyme gradually works its way through the small intestine to the large intestine.^[2]

In contrast to peristalsis, segmentation involves coordinated smooth muscle contractions Migrating motor complex that result in that churning and mixing without pushing materials further down the digestive tract.

During vomiting the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes from contraction of the abdominal muscles; peristalsis does not reverse in the esophagus.

Large Intestine[edit]

As opposed to the more continuous peristalsis of the small intestines, faecal contents are propelled into the large intestine by periodic mass movements. These mass movements occur one to three times per day in the large intestines and colon, and help propel the contents from the large intestine through the colon to the rectum.

Earthworms[edit]

A simplified image showing Earthworm movement via peristalsis

The earthworm is a limbless annelid worm with a hydrostatic skeleton that moves by means of peristalsis. This hydrostatic skeleton consists of a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by an extensible body wall. The worm moves by radially constricting the anterior portion of its body, resulting in an increase in length via hydrostatic pressure. This constricted region propagates posteriorly along the worm's body. As a result, each segment is extended forward, then relaxes and re-contacts the substrate, with hair-like setae preventing backwards slipping.^[3] Earthworms increase four orders of magnitude during their lifetime and during this period the dimensions increase according to geometric similarity, or 'isometry'. Unlike rigid skeletons which cannot exhibit both geometric and stress similarity, the hydrostatic skeleton can maintain both forms which may be due to decoupling of weight and skeletal function.^[3]

Robotics[edit]

Peristalsis is also being used for robot locomotion.^[4]

References[edit]

^ "Earthworm - Muscular System".
^ ^a ^b ^c Marieb, Elaine N. & Hoehn, Katja "Human Anatomy & Physiology" 8th Ed., Benjamin Cummings/Pearson, 2010
^ ^a ^b Quillin, K.J. Ontogenetic Scaling of Hydrostatic Skeletons: Geometric, Static, Stress and Dynamic Stress Scaling of the Earthworm Lubricus Terrestris
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb1V_OKqRfc

See also Peristaltic Linear Motion. A flexible tube constricted with rollers which produces linear motion when pressurised with air or liquids.

External links[edit]

Interactive 3D display of swallow waves at menne-biomed.de
Peristalsis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Physiology at MCG 6/6ch3/s6ch3_9
Overview at colostate.edu

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Achalasia-like disorder after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: a reversible side effect?

Robert M, Golse N, Espalieu P, Poncet G, Mion F, Roman S, Boulez J, Gouillat C.SourceDepartment of General Surgery and Bariatric Surgery, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon-Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 5, Place d'Arsonval, 69 437, Lyon, France, maud.robert@chu-lyon.fr.
Obesity surgery.Obes Surg.2012 May;22(5):704-11.
Literature data concerning the effect of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) on esophageal motility are conflicting. Achalasia-like disorder involving the absence of esophageal peristalsis and impaired esophago-gastric junction (EGJ) is probably under-estimated and can result in failure a
PMID 22411570

Balancing neural crest cell intrinsic processes with those of the microenvironment in Tcof1 haploinsufficient mice enables complete enteric nervous system formation.

Barlow AJ, Dixon J, Dixon MJ, Trainor PA.AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) comprises a complex neuronal network that regulates peristalsis of the gut wall and secretions into the lumen. The ENS is formed from a multipotent progenitor cell population called the neural crest, which is derived from the neuroepithelium. Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate over incredible distances to colonize the entire length of the gut and during their migration they must survive, proliferate and ultimately differentiate. The absence of an ENS from variable lengths of the colon results in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) or colonic aganglionosis. Mutations in about 12 different genes have been identified in HSCR patients but the complex pattern of inheritance and variable penetrance suggests that additional genes or modifiers must be involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. We discovered that Tcof1 haploinsufficiency in mice models many of the early features of HSCR. Neuroepithelial apoptosis diminished the size of the neural stem cell pool resulting in reduced NCC numbers and their delayed migration along the gut from E10.5 to E14.5. Surprisingly however, we observe continued and complete colonization of the entire colon throughout E14.5-E18.5, a period in which the gut is considered to be non- or less-permissive to NCC. Thus, we reveal for the first time that reduced NCC progenitor numbers and delayed migration do not unequivocally equate with a predisposition for the pathogenesis of HSCR. In fact, these deficiencies can be overcome by balancing NCC intrinsic processes of proliferation and differentiation with extrinsic influences of the gut microenvironment.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2012 Apr 15;21(8):1782-93. Epub 2012 Jan 6.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) comprises a complex neuronal network that regulates peristalsis of the gut wall and secretions into the lumen. The ENS is formed from a multipotent progenitor cell population called the neural crest, which is derived from the neuroepithelium. Neural crest cells (NCCs
PMID 22228097

parkin-induced defects in neurophysiology and locomotion are generated by metabolic dysfunction and not oxidative stress.

Vincent A, Briggs L, Chatwin GF, Emery E, Tomlins R, Oswald M, Middleton CA, Evans GJ, Sweeney ST, Elliott CJ.SourcePresent address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2012 Apr 15;21(8):1760-9. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
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Japanese Journal

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日本食品工学会誌 = Japan journal of food engineering 16(2), 161-166, 2015-06
NAID 40020514577

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電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 114(424), 39-44, 2015-01-28
NAID 40020364077

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