WordNet

small abnormal bony outgrowth
strike with a spur
any sharply pointed projection (同)spine, acantha
tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers
a sharp prod fixed to a riders heel and used to urge a horse onward; "cowboys know not to squat with their spurs on" (同)gad
give heart or courage to (同)goad
equip with spurs; "spur horses"
goad with spurs; "the rider spurred his horse"
incite or stimulate; "The Academy was formed to spur research"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『拍車』 / (…に対する)『刺激』,激励《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》 / 拍車状のもの,(鶏などの)けづめ,(植物の)距(きょ) / (山などの)支脈 / (行き止まり)支線 / 〈馬〉‘に'拍車を当てる《+『on』+『名』,+『名』+『on』》 / 〈人〉‘を'かり立てる:《『spur』+『名』+『to』(『into』)+『名』…に…をかり立てる》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/05 10:55:53」(JST)

wiki en

Osteophytes, commonly referred to as bone spurs or parrot beak,^[1] are bony projections that form along joint margins.^[2] They should not be confused with enthesophytes, which are bony projections which form at the attachment of a tendon or ligament.^[3]

Pathophysiology

Osteophytes form because of the increase in a damaged joint's surface area. This is most common from the onset of arthritis. Osteophytes usually limit joint movement and typically cause pain.^[1]

Osteophytes form naturally on the back of the spine as a person ages and are a sign of degeneration in the spine. In this case the spurs are not the source of back pains, but instead are the common symptom of a deeper problem. However, bone spurs on the spine can impinge on nerves that leave the spine for other parts of the body. This impingement can cause pain in both upper and lower limbs and a numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet because the nerves are supplying sensation to their dermatomes.^[4]

Spurs can also appear on the feet, either along toes or the heel, as well as on the hands. In extreme cases bone spurs have grown along a person's entire skeletal structure: along the knees, hips, shoulders, ribs, arms and ankles. Such cases are only exhibited with multiple exostoses.

Osteophytes on the fingers or toes are known as Heberden's nodes (if on the distal interphalangeal joint) or Bouchard's nodes (if on the proximal interphalangeal joints).

Osteophytes may also be the end result of certain disease processes. Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with a spur formation. Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, will also leave bone spurs which may then become symptomatic.

Cause

X-ray showing a small bone spur as marked by the arrow.

Osteophyte formation has been classically related to any sequential and consequential changes in bone formation that is due to aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease (such as Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis). Often osteophytes form in osteoarthritic joints as a result of damage and wear from inflammation. Calcification and new bone formation can also occur in response to mechanical damage in joints.^[5]

Treatments

Normally, asymptomatic cases are not treated. Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and surgery are two typical options for the rest.

Fossil record

Main article: Paleopathology

Evidence for bone spurs found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Bone spurs have been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Allosaurus fragilis, Neovenator salerii, and Tyrannosaurus rex.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b Bone spurs MayoClinic.com
^ "osteophyte" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Rogers J, Shepstone L, Dieppe P (Feb 1997). "Bone formers: osteophyte and enthesophyte formation are positively associated". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 56 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1136/ard.56.2.85. PMC 1752321. PMID 9068279. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752321/.
^ Laser Spine Institute
^ Nathan M, Pope MH, Grobler LJ (Aug 1994). "Osteophyte formation in the vertebral column: a review of the etiologic factors--Part II". Contemporary Orthopaedics 29 (2): 113–9. PMID 10150240.
^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

External links

Mayo Clinic website concise information on bone spurs

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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English Journal

Degenerative changes of the sacroiliac auricular joint surface-validation of influential factors.

Nishi K1,2, Saiki K3, Imamura T3, Okamoto K3, Wakebe T3, Ogami K3, Hasegawa T4, Moriuchi T5, Sakamoto J6, Manabe Y7, Tsurumoto T3.
Anatomical science international.Anat Sci Int.2017 Sep;92(4):530-538. doi: 10.1007/s12565-016-0354-x. Epub 2016 Jun 24.
PMID 27343049

No associations between self-reported knee joint instability and radiographic features in knee osteoarthritis patients prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty: A cross-sectional analysis of the Longitudinal Leiden Orthopaedics Outcomes of Osteo-Arthritis study (LOAS) data.

Leichtenberg CS1, Meesters JJL2, Kroon HM3, Verdegaal SHM4, Tilbury C2, Dekker J5, Nelissen RGHH2, Vliet Vlieland TPM6, van der Esch M7.
The Knee.Knee.2017 Aug;24(4):816-823. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.04.001. Epub 2017 Apr 24.
PMID 28462798

Cartilage-specific deletion of Alk5 gene results in a progressive Osteoarthritis-like phenotype in mice.

Wang Q1, Tan Q1, Xu W1, Qi H1, Chen D2, Zhou S1, Ni Z1, Kuang L1, Guo J1, Huang J1, Wang X1, Wang Z1, Su N1, Chen L1, Chen B1, Jiang W1, Gao Y1, Chen H1, Du X3, Xie Y4, Chen L5.
Osteoarthritis and cartilage.Osteoarthritis Cartilage.2017 Jul 14. pii: S1063-4584(17)31093-2. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.010. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 28716756

Japanese Journal

Posterior Decompression of Far-Out Foraminal Stenosis Caused by a Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra : —Case Report—

MIYOSHI Yasuyuki,YASUHARA Takao,DATE Isao
Neurologia medico-chirurgica 51(2), 153-156, 2011
… A 29-year-old man presented with a rare case of far-out foraminal stenosis with radiculopathy caused by osteophyte formation secondary to an anomalous articulation between the transverse process and the sacral ala. …
NAID 130000442551

Ossification of the Cervical Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Presenting Dysphagia

Taguchi Yoshiharu,Takashima Shutaro,Tanaka Kortaro
Internal Medicine 50(3), 261-261, 2011
NAID 130000413105

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「spur」「骨棘」「骨増殖体」

「spur」

Bone spur
	Classification and external resources
	; Small marginal osteophytes (arrows) of the processus anconeus of the ulna can be seen in this gross pathological specimen of a sow.
ICD-10	M25.7
ICD-9	726.91
DiseasesDB	18621
MeSH	D054850

　　[★]

n.

拍車。[fig]刺激、激励、あおり、動悸
拍車状突起。(登山などの)アイゼン。(鶏などの)けづけ、距。(医)棘突起(osteophyte
(地)山脚(山・山脈から分岐した支脈部)、海脚。(急流から土手を守るための)突堤。
(建)けづめ(friffe)。控え柱、支柱。

「骨棘」

　　[★]

英: bone spur, spur
同: 骨増殖体 osteophyte, spicules
関

「骨増殖体」

　　[★]

英: osteophyte
関: 骨棘

[Mayo-1] Bone spurs MayoClinic.com

[2] "osteophyte" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[3] Rogers J, Shepstone L, Dieppe P (Feb 1997). "Bone formers: osteophyte and enthesophyte formation are positively associated". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 56 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1136/ard.56.2.85. PMC 1752321. PMID 9068279. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752321/.

[4] Laser Spine Institute

[5] Nathan M, Pope MH, Grobler LJ (Aug 1994). "Osteophyte formation in the vertebral column: a review of the etiologic factors--Part II". Contemporary Orthopaedics 29 (2): 113–9. PMID 10150240.

[molnar-pathology-6] Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

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案内

osteophyte