WordNet

of or relating to or located near the oropharynx
cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/30 11:14:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The human pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and superior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx (epipharynx), the oropharynx (mesopharynx), and the laryngopharynx (hypopharynx). The pharynx is part of the digestive system and also the respiratory system; it is also important in vocalization.

Nasopharynx

The most cephalad portion of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate.^[1] It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies superior to the oral cavity. The pharyngeal tonsils, more commonly referred to as the adenoids, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck.

Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The Eustachian tubes, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, open into the nasopharynx. The opening and closing of the Eustachian tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere.

The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral walls are the pharyngeal ostia of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube that elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

the salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
the salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (also referred to as the fossa of Rosenmüller). On the posterior wall is a prominence, best marked in childhood, produced by a mass of lymphoid tissue, which is known as the pharyngeal tonsil. Superior to the pharyngeal tonsil, in the midline, an irregular flask-shaped depression of the mucous membrane sometimes extends up as far as the basilar process of the occipital bone; it is known as the pharyngeal bursa.

Oropharynx

The oropharynx or mesopharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the Palatoglossal arch and the Palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration.The oropharynx is lined by non keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.^[2] Fusobacterium is a pathogen.^[3]

Laryngopharynx

The laryngopharynx or hypopharynx (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis) is the caudal part of the pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

Gallery

Conducting passages
Organs of the digestive system
Nose and nasal cavities
coronal section of right ear, showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle
The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind
The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind
Acute catarrhal pharyngitis. The oropharynx is swollen and red

References

^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes, 2008-2009, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
^ Morpeth S, Murdoch D, Cabell CH, et al. (December 2007). "Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis". Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (12): 829–35. PMID 18087053.
^ Aliyu SH, Marriott RK, Curran MD, et al. (2004). "Real-time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice". J Med Microbiol 53 (Pt 10): 1029–35. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.45648-0. PMID 15358827.

Stedman's/LWW 1551471
Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Seventh Edition.
TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch (eds)Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0-471-22288-7

External links

Look up human pharynx in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Human pharynx

SUNY Labs 31:st-1401
SUNY Labs 31:st-1403
SUNY Labs 31:st-1406

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained within it may be outdated.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 口腔咽頭嚥下障害：診断および治療 oropharyngeal dysphagia clinical features diagnosis and management
2. 小児における口腔咽頭外傷 oropharyngeal trauma in children
3. 成人における院内感染性／人工呼吸器関連／医療関連肺炎の危険因子および予防 risk factors and prevention of hospital acquired ventilator associated and healthcare associated pneumonia in adults
4. Techniques and devices for airway management for anesthesia: Supraglottic devices (including laryngeal mask airways)
5. 麻酔のためのフレキシブルスコープ挿管 flexible scope intubation for anesthesia

English Journal

Sexually transmitted diseases.

Bechtel MA1, Trout W.
Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.Clin Obstet Gynecol.2015 Mar;58(1):172-84. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000078.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to be a global epidemic with significant risk of morbidity/mortality for the fetus. STDs with prominent cutaneous findings including condylomata acuminata, genital herpes infections, and syphilis are reviewed. Important clinical cutaneous findings help a
PMID 25565081

Estimating and explaining the effect of education and income on head and neck cancer risk: INHANCE consortium pooled analysis of 31 case-control studies from 27 countries.

Conway DI1, Brenner DR, McMahon AD, Macpherson LM, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Bosetti C, Brenner H, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, Curioni OA, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, de Gois Filho JF, D'Souza G, Edefonti V, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Franceschi S, Gillison M, Hayes RB, Healy CM, Herrero R, Holcatova I, Jayaprakash V, Kelsey K, Kjaerheim K, Koifman S, La Vecchia C, Lagiou P, Lazarus P, Levi F, Lissowska J, Luce D, Macfarlane TV, Mates D, Matos E, McClean M, Menezes AM, Menvielle G, Merletti F, Morgenstern H, Moysich K, Müller H, Muscat J, Olshan AF, Purdue MP, Ramroth H, Richiardi L, Rudnai P, Schantz S, Schwartz SM, Shangina O, Simonato L, Smith E, Stucker I, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Thomson P, Vaughan TL, Wei Q, Winn DM, Wunsch-Filho V, Yu GP, Zhang ZF, Zheng T, Znaor A, Boffetta P, Chuang SC, Ghodrat M, Amy Lee YC, Hashibe M, Brennan P.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Mar 1;136(5):1125-39. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29063. Epub 2014 Aug 23.
Low socioeconomic status has been reported to be associated with head and neck cancer risk. However, previous studies have been too small to examine the associations by cancer subsite, age, sex, global region and calendar time and to explain the association in terms of behavioral risk factors. Indiv
PMID 24996155

Effects of mandibular setback surgery on upper airway dimensions and their influence on obstructive sleep apnoea - A systematic review.

Fernández-Ferrer L1, Montiel-Company JM2, Pinho T3, Almerich-Silla JM4, Bellot-Arcís C5.
Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2015 Mar;43(2):248-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.11.017. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
BACKGROUND: Mandibular setback used to be the traditional treatment of choice for correcting mandibular prognathism. Nowadays, bimaxillary surgery is preferred. Several authors have asserted that mandibular setback causes a relative narrowing of the upper airway (UA) that could trigger obstructive s
PMID 25547214

Japanese Journal

中咽頭に発生した血管周皮細胞腫例

山口仁平,金子賢一,髙橋晴雄,木下直江
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 107(1), 31-36, 2014
… We herein describe a 26-year-old man with an oropharyngeal HPC, who had a 3-month history of dysglossia and noticed a painless mass in the oropharynx. … Contrast enhanced CT demonstrated an oropharyngeal tumor with a high vascularity. …
NAID 130003386109

臨床中咽頭癌リンパ節転移が疑われたp16陽性鰓性癌例

増田理佐,若杉哲郎,永谷群司 [他]
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 106(11), 1027-1032, 2013-11
NAID 40019845731

中咽頭癌手術症例における潜在的頸部リンパ節転移についての検討

明石健,林隆一,篠崎剛 [他]
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 116(10), 1100-1105, 2013-10
NAID 40019844134

「中咽頭」

Pharynx
	Head and neck.
	Pharynx
Gray's	subject #244 1141
Artery	pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine, descending palatine, pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid
Vein	pharyngeal plexus
Nerve	pharyngeal plexus, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
MeSH	Pharynx