oropharynx

口部咽頭

　

WordNet

1. cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth
2. of or relating to or located near the oropharynx

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/22 04:33:29」(JST)

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Pharynx
Head and inner neck
Pharynx
Details
Artery	pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine, descending palatine, pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid
Vein	pharyngeal plexus
Nerve	pharyngeal plexus, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
Identifiers
Greek	Pharynx
MeSH	A03.556.750
TA	A05.3.01.001
FMA	46688
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the oesophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs.

The pharynx is an organ found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species. In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting zone also includes the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the oesophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization.

In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx, determining the shape of its lumen. These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer.

Structure

Nasopharynx

The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Upper respiratory system, with nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right.

Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere.

Details of torus tubarius

The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

• the salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
• the salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold, in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold, extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

Behind the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (also referred to as the fossa of Rosenmüller). On the posterior wall is a prominence, best marked in childhood, produced by a mass of lymphoid tissue, the pharyngeal tonsil known as the adenoid. Above the adenoid, in the midline, an irregular flask-shaped depression of the mucous membrane sometimes extends up as far as the basilar process of the occipital bone, this is known as the pharyngeal bursa.

Oropharynx

The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. Fusobacterium is a pathogen.

Laryngopharynx

The laryngopharynx, (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of the pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing.

Clinical significance

Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat. The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red.

Inflammation

Main article: Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the painful inflammation of the throat.

Pharyngeal cancer

Main article: Pharyngeal cancer

Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat, and can cause serious clinical problems. It is technically a type of neck cancer or head cancer.

History

Etymology

The word pharynx (pronounced /ˈfærɪŋks/) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges /fəˈrɪndʒiːz/ or pharynxes /ˈfærɪŋksəz/, and its adjective form is pharyngeal (/ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl/ or /fəˈrɪndʒiəl/).

Other animals

Vertebrates

An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel.

All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head. These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches, and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems. The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates. It differs in dogs, horses and ruminants. In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx. In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly. Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse. In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx.

Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.

Pharyngeal jaws are a "second set" of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish, distinct from the primary (oral) jaws. Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted. When the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the eel's esophagus, allowing it to be swallowed.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates also have a pharynx. Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades,annelids and arthropods, and the priapulids (which have an eversible pharynx).

The "pharynx" of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head, triangular in cross-section, that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines. A one-way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal.

• Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view

• Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis

• Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail.

• Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body.

• Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species.

Additional images

• Conducting passages

• Organs of the digestive system

• Nose and nasal

• Coronal section of right ear, showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle.

• The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind

• The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.

• Deep dissection of human larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind

• The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Pharyngeal consonant
• Pharyngeal (disambiguation)
• Saccopharynx, a genus of deep sea eel-like fishes with large mouths, distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies
• Salpinx in anatomy
• Tonsil
• Tornwaldt's disease
• Tornwaldt cyst

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

General

• Pharynx, Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
• Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Seventh Edition.
• TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch (eds)Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0-471-22288-7

External links

• Anatomy photo:31:st-1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• Anatomy photo:31:st-1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• Anatomy photo:31:st-1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 局所進行性（ステージⅢおよびⅣ）頭頚部癌の治療：中咽頭 treatment of locoregionally advanced stage iii and iv head and neck cancer the oropharynx
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English Journal

• Cervical lymph node metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of oral cavity and oropharynx: A collective international review.

• Suárez C1, Barnes L2, Silver CE3, Rodrigo JP4, Shah JP5, Triantafyllou A6, Rinaldo A7, Cardesa A8, Pitman KT9, Kowalski LP10, Robbins KT11, Hellquist H12, Medina JE13, de Bree R14, Takes RP15, Coca-Pelaz A16, Bradley PJ17, Gnepp DR18, Teymoortash A19, Strojan P20, Mendenhall WM21, Eloy JA22, Bishop JA23, Devaney KO24, Thompson LD25, Hamoir M26, Slootweg PJ27, Vander Poorten V28, Williams MD29, Wenig BM30, Skálová A31, Ferlito A32.
• Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2016 Oct;43(5):477-84. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.02.013. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
• The purpose of this study was to suggest general guidelines in the management of the N0 neck of oral cavity and oropharyngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) in order to improve the survival of these patients and/or reduce the risk of neck recurrences. The incidence of cervical node metastasis at di
• PMID 27017314

• Alterations in oropharyngeal sensory evoked potentials (PSEP) with Parkinson's disease.

• Pitts T1, Hegland KW2, Sapienza CM3, Bolser DC4, Davenport PW4.
• Respiratory physiology & neurobiology.Respir Physiol Neurobiol.2016 Jul 15;229:11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
• Movement of a food bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx activates pharyngeal sensory mechanoreceptors. Using electroencephalography, somatosensory cortical-evoked potentials resulting from oropharyngeal mechanical stimulation (PSEP) have been studied in young healthy individuals. However,
• PMID 27090350

• Oral HPV prevalence in women positive for cervical HPV infection and their sexual partners: a German screening study.

• Uken RB1, Brummer O2, von Schubert-Bayer C3, Brodegger T4, Teudt IU5.
• European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2016 Jul;273(7):1933-42. doi: 10.1007/s00405-016-3953-1. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
• The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is on the rise. With the HPV-positive uterine cervix as a reservoir, HPV-positive OSCC is discussed as a sexually transmitted disease. Mechanisms of HPV transmission to the oral cavity are poorly underst
• PMID 26961518

Japanese Journal

• 頭頸部がん患者におけるS-1を含む化学放射線療法施行後の重篤な粘膜炎の発現リスクに関する検討

• YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 137(2), 221-225, 2017
• NAID 130005305854

• 甲状腺原発悪性リンパ腫治療後に発症したEBウイルス陽性消化管リンパ腫の1例

• 日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 59(2), 171-176, 2017
• NAID 130005241494

• 口腔内多発性転移をきたした乳腺原発血管肉腫の1例

• 日本口腔診断学会雑誌 29(3), 130-134, 2016
• NAID 130005432617

Related Links

• Oropharynx | Define Oropharynx at Dictionary.com

oropharynx o·ro·phar·ynx (ôr'ō-fār'ĭngks) n. The pharynx between the soft palate and the epiglottis.

• Oropharynx | definition of oropharynx by Medical dictionary

oropharynx [or″o-far´ingks] the part of the pharynx between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis. or·o·phar·ynx (ōr'ō-far'ingks), [TA] The portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth; it is continuous above with ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「oropharyngeal」「中咽頭」「口部咽頭」

「oropharyngeal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 中咽頭の、口咽頭の

関

oropharynx

　

「中咽頭」

　　[★]

英

oropharynx、oropharyngeal

関

口咽頭

「口部咽頭」

　　[★]

英

oropharynx

関

中咽頭 mesopharynx