WordNet

type genus of the family Cancridae (同)genus Cancer
the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 (同)Cancer the Crab, Crab
(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (同)Crab
a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease
of or relating to or located near the oropharynx

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〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/20 12:57:53」(JST)

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Oropharyngeal cancer is a disease which malignant cells form in the tissue of oropharynx. Oropharynx is a middle part of the throat which includes the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx.^[1] Oropharyngeal cancers can be divided into two types, HPV-positive, which are related to human papillomavirus infection, and HPV-negative cancers, which are usually linked to alcohol or tobacco use.^[2]

Studies

For patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy appears to be as efficient as surgical management. Shiley et al compared the maintenance of swallowing function with the two approaches. They studied 27 patients who underwent the advanced stage (III and IV) of oropharyngeal cancer. Among those patients, 67% had base of tongue lesions and 82% of them used gastrostomy tube either before or during the treatment. Three months after the chemoradiation, 33% of the patients were consuming all nutrition orally, 45% had some oral intake but still had the tube feeding, and 22% had no oral intake at all. The results showed that the short-term incidence of gastrostomy tube dependence after chemo radiation was similar to that after surgical management of oropharyngeal cancer at their institution.^[3]

Symptoms

Following are the possible signs of oropharyngeal cancer. ^[1]^[4]

A sore throat that persists
Pain or difficulty with swallowing
Unexplained weight loss
Voice changes
Ear pain
A lump in the back of the throat or mouth
A lump in the neck
A dull pain behind the sternum
Cough

Risk factors

Following are the risk factors that can increase the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer. ^[4]

Smoking and chewing tobacco.
Heavy alcohol use.
A diet low in fruits and vegetables.
Chewing betel quid, a stimulant commonly used in parts of Asia.
Being infected with human papilloma virus (HPV).
EBV infection.
plummer-Vinson syndrome.
poor nutrition.
Asbestos exposure.
P53 mutation.

CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION

HIGH-risk lesions

Erythroplakia
speckled Erythroplakia
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis

Medium- risk lesions.

oral submucosal fibrosis
syphilitic glossitis
sideropenic dysphagia (or paterson-kelly-brown syndrome)

low-risk lesions.

oral lichen planus
discoid lupus erythematosus
discoid keratosis congenita.

Prognosis

Those with HPV-positive cancers tend to have higher survival rates.^[2] The prognosis for people with oropharyngeal cancer depends on the age and health of the person and the stage of the disease. It is important for people with oropharyngeal cancer to have follow-up exams for the rest of their lives as cancer can occur in nearby areas. In addition, it is important to eliminate risk factors such as smoking and drinking alcohol, which increase the risk for second cancers.^[1]

Spread

There are three ways of cancer spreading in the body.^[4]

Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissues.
Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.

Stages

^[4]

Stage 0 carcinoma in situ

Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the oropharynx, These may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.

Stage 1

Cancer has formed and is 20 millimetres or smaller and has not spread outside the oropharynx.

Stage 2

Cancer has formed and is larger than 20 millimetres but not larger than 40 millimetres. Also it has not yet spread outside the oropharynx.

Stage 3

Cancer is larger than 40 millimetres and has not spread outside the oropharynx
Any size and has spread to only one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer. The lymph node with cancer is 30 millimetres or smaller.

Stage 4A

Cancer has spread to tissues near the oropharynx, including the voice box, roof of the mouth, lower jaw, muscle of the tongue or central muscles of the jaw and may have spread to one or more nearby lymph nodes; none larger than 60 millimetres.
Cancer is any size and has spread to one lymph node that is larger than 30 millimetres but not larger than 60 millimetres on the same side of the neck as the cancer or to more than one lymph node, none larger than 60 millimetres, on one of both sides of the neck.

Stage 4B

Cancer surrounds the main artery in the neck or has spread to bones in the jaw or skull, to muscle in the side of the jaw or to the upper part of the throat behind the nose and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes
Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 60 millimetres and may have spread to tissues around the oropharynx.

Stage 4C

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body; the tumor may be any size and may have spread to lymph nodes.

Glossary

Further information: List of oncology-related terms

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) is a type of head and neck cancer that begins in the oropharynx, the middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate, the base of the tongue, the tonsils and the side and back wall of the throat.^[5] Squamous cell cancers of the tonsils are more strongly associated with human papillomavirus infection than are cancers of other regions of the head and neck.

Society and culture

In 2010 American actor Michael Douglas reported to have oropharyngeal cancer.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Oropharyngeal Cancer Overview". Cleveland Clinic. 9/7/2007. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ ^a ^b Christian Nordqvist (October 4, 2011). "HPV Linked Oropharyngeal Cancer Rates Rise Dramatically". Medical News Today.
^ Shiley SG; Hargunani CA; Skoner JM; Holland JM; Wax MK (March 2006). "Swallowing Function after Chemoradiation for Advanced Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery 134 (3): 455–9. PMID 16500444.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ What Are Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers?
^ DeNoon, Daniel J. (September 1, 2010). "Michael Douglas and Throat Cancer FAQ". WebMD Health News. WebMD. Retrieved 2011-04-18.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 局所進行性（ステージⅢおよびⅣ）頭頚部癌の治療：中咽頭 treatment of locoregionally advanced stage iii and iv head and neck cancer the oropharynx
2. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：中咽頭 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the oropharynx
3. 頭頚部癌に関連するヒトパピローマウイルス human papillomavirus associated head and neck cancer
4. 頭頚部癌の診断および病期分類の概要 overview of the diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer
5. 頭頸部の局所進行扁平上皮癌：化学療法と放射線療法を併用するアプローチ locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck approaches combining chemotherapy and radiation therapy

English Journal

Markers of HPV infection and survival in patients with head and neck tumors.

Koslabova E, Hamsikova E, Salakova M, Klozar J, Foltynova E, Salkova E, Rotnaglova E, Ludvikova V, Tachezy R.SourceDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2013 Oct 15;133(8):1832-9. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28194. Epub 2013 May 2.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA prevalence in oral rinses and/or HPV-specific antibody levels in the sera of patients with oral/oropharyngeal cancer have prognostic significance. One hundred and forty-two patients with oral/oropharyngeal t
PMID 23564321

Effect of Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease on Oropharyngeal Secretions in Patients With Head-and-Neck Cancers Treated With Radiochemotherapy.

Mittal BB, Wang E, Sejpal S, Agulnik M, Mittal A, Harris K.SourceDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: bmittal@nmh.org.
International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2013 Oct 1;87(2):282-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.002. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
PURPOSE: The current study examined the effect of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) on quality of life (QOL) measures, clinical improvement, and DNA content of thick oropharyngeal secretions (OPS) in patients with head-and-neck (H&N) cancers.METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-six patients
PMID 23910712

Squamous cell carcinomas in patients with Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita: a search for human papillomavirus.

Alter BP, Giri N, Savage SA, Quint WG, de Koning MN, Schiffman M.SourceClinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA. alterb@mail.nih.gov
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2013 Sep 15;133(6):1513-5. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28157. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
Patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) and dyskeratosis congenita (DC) are at high risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). In the general population, these sites (particularly oropharyngeal SCC) may be associated with infection with human papi
PMID 23558727

Japanese Journal

HPV関連中咽頭癌 : QOL向上をめざした治療へ (第1土曜特集がん放射線療法Update 2016) -- (疾患別治療成績 : ここまで治るようになった! 機能温存と生存率向上)

医学のあゆみ 257(1), 63-68, 2016-04-02
NAID 40020777779

中咽頭癌側壁進行癌に経口的切除とSet-back tongue flapによる誤嚥防止の工夫

嚥下医学 : 日本嚥下医学会学会誌 = Deglutition : the official journal of the Society of Swallowing and Dysphagia of Japan 5(1), 92-97, 2016
NAID 40020746350

HPV16 infection in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer patients

Journal of Oral Science 58(2), 265-269, 2016
NAID 130005158872

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「中咽頭癌」「中咽頭がん」「oropharyngeal neoplasm」「mesopharyngeal carcinoma」
関連記事	「oropharyngeal」「cancer」

「中咽頭癌」

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas
	Classification and external resources
ICD-10	C09-C10; C01,C02.4,C05.1

Oropharyngeal cancer
	Head and neck.
	Pharynx
Gray's	subject #244 1141
Artery	pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine, descending palatine, pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid
Vein	pharyngeal veins
Nerve	pharyngeal plexus
MeSH	Pharynx