WordNet

create by mixing or combining
(chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight (同)chemical_compound
put or add together; "combine resources" (同)combine
an enclosure of residences and other building (especially in the Orient)
a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
combine so as to form a whole; mix; "compound the ingredients" (同)combine
calculate principal and interest
composed of more than one part; "compound leaves are composed of several lobes; "compound flower heads"
consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts; "soap is a compound substance"; "housetop is a compound word"; "a blackberry is a compound fruit"
combined into or constituting a chemical compound

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…になるように)〈要素・成分など〉'を'混ぜ合わせる《+『名』+『into』+『名』》;(…から)〈薬など〉'を'調合する,混ぜ合わせて作る《+『名』+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》〈めんどうな事・損害など〉'を'もっとひどくする / 〈利子〉'を'複利で計算する / (…と)話し合いをつける,妥協する《+『with』+『名』》 / 複合の,合成の / 『合成物』,混合物,調合物;化合物 / 複合語,合成語(classroom, heart-to-heartなどをいう)
(異民族の家屋・商館などがある)囲み地区,構内

UpToDate Contents

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1. 複合位の胎児のマネージメント management of the fetus with compound presentation
2. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies
3. 神経伝導検査：応答遅延 nerve conduction studies late responses
4. Lambert-Eaton筋無力症候群の治療 treatment of lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome
5. Lambert-Eaton筋無力症候群の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome

English Journal

Four-year advanced monitoring program of polar pesticides in groundwater of Catalonia (NE-Spain).

Köck-Schulmeyer M1, Ginebreda A1, Postigo C1, Garrido T2, Fraile J2, López de Alda M3, Barceló D4.Author information 1Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.2Catalan Water Agency, Provença 204-208, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.3Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mlaqam@cid.csic.es.4Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.AbstractPesticide contamination of groundwater is of paramount importance because it is the most sensitive and the largest body of freshwater in the European Union. In this paper, an isotopic dilution method based on on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (electrospray)-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC(ESI)-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of 22 pesticides in groundwater. Results were evaluated from monitoring 112 wells and piezometers coming from 29 different aquifers located in 18 ground water bodies (GWBs), from Catalonia, Spain, for 4years as part of the surveillance and operational monitoring programs conducted by the Catalan Water Agency. The analytical method developed allows the determination of the target pesticides (6 triazines, 4 phenylureas, 4 organophosphorous, 1 anilide, 2 chloroacetanilides, 1 thiocarbamate, and 4 acid herbicides) in groundwater with good sensitivity (limits of detection <5ng/L), accuracy (relative recoveries between 85 and 116%, except for molinate), and repeatability (RSD<23%), and in a fully automated way. The most ubiquitous compounds were simazine, atrazine, desethylatrazine and diuron. Direct relation between frequency of detection of each target compound and Groundwater Ubiquity Score index (GUS index) is observed. Desethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, metabolites of atrazine and simazine, respectively, presented the highest mean concentrations. Compounds detected in less than 5% of the samples were cyanazine, molinate, fenitrothion and mecoprop. According to the Directive 2006/118/EC, 13 pesticides have individual values above the requested limits (desethylatrazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine lead the list) and 14 samples have total pesticide levels above 500ng/L. The GWB with the highest levels of total pesticides is located in Lleida (NE-Spain), with 9 samples showing total pesticide levels above 500ng/L. Several factors such as regulation of the use of pesticides, type of activities in the area, and irrigation were discussed in relation to the observed levels of pesticides.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Feb 1;470-471:1087-98. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.079. Epub 2013 Nov 15.
Pesticide contamination of groundwater is of paramount importance because it is the most sensitive and the largest body of freshwater in the European Union. In this paper, an isotopic dilution method based on on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (electrospray)-tandem mass spectrometr
PMID 24239830

Induction of autophagy by TOCP in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells lead to degradation of cytoskeletal components and inhibition of neurite outgrowth.

Chen JX, Sun YJ, Wang P, Long DX, Li W, Li L, Wu YJ.Author information Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichenxi Road, Beijing 100101, PR China.AbstractTri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), an organophosphorus ester, can cause neurotoxicity such as organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in humans and sensitive animals. Moreover, it also affects the development of central nervous system and differentiation of neuronal cells. In this study, retinoic acid-induced differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are utilized to investigate the effects of TOCP on neurite outgrowth and the underlying mechanisms. We found that low concentrations of TOCP induced autophagy and inhibited neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner with no effect on cell viability. The protein levels of high molecular weight neurofilament (NF-H), low molecular weight neurofilament (NF-L) and β-tubulin also decreased. Pretreatment cells with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, not only inhibited the TOCP-induced autophagy, but also reversed the inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the degradation of NF-H, NF-L, and β-tubulin by TOCP. Taken together, these results indicated that TOCP treatment induced autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, which lead to degradation of cytoskeletal components and inhibition of neurite outgrowth.
Toxicology.Toxicology.2013 Aug 9;310:92-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.05.012. Epub 2013 Jun 3.
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), an organophosphorus ester, can cause neurotoxicity such as organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) in humans and sensitive animals. Moreover, it also affects the development of central nervous system and differentiation of neuronal cells. In this
PMID 23743148

The effect of bromfenvinphos, its impurities and chlorfenvinphos on acetylcholinesterase activity.

Sosnowska B, Huras B, Krokosz A, Bukowska B.Author information University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Poland.AbstractThe aim of this work was to examine the effect of two organophosphorous compounds i.e. bromfenvinphos (BFVF) and chlorfenvinphos (CFVF) possessing acaricidal and insecticidal properties, on the activity of human erythrocytes acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). Moreover, the effect of five bromfenvinphos production impurities on AChE activity was studied. The erythrocytes were incubated with the compounds studied in the concentrations range from 0.05 to 250 μM for 1h. The organophosphorous compounds studied in low concentrations increased Km value but they did not change Vmax value (competitive inhibition). Higher concentrations of the compounds studied decreased Vmax value and increased Km value, what revealed a mixed type of AChE inhibition by these xenobiotics. Basic significance in AChE activity inhibition has the type of halogen in vinyl group. Chlorfenvinphos (insecticide) exhibited stronger enzyme inhibition than bromfenvinphos. CFVF and dibromo-bromfenvinphos possessed the lowest Ki and Ki' values among all the compounds studied. The presence of Cl atom (chlorfenvinphos) instead of Br atom (bromfenvinphos) considerably increases antiesterase activity of the individual compound. Three impurities like 2,4-dichlorophenacyl bromide, 2,4-dichlorophenacylidene bromide and 2,4-dichlorophenacylidyne bromide did not induce any statistically changes in AChE activity. Two impurities of bromfenvinphos such as: dihydro-bromfenvinphos and dibromo-bromfenvinphos revealed significant effect on the AChE activity, which may be connected with the presence a phosphate group in these substances. It was proven that an increase in antiesterase activitiy of the compounds studied corresponded with the increase in the number of Br atoms at carbon of their vinyl group: dibromo-bromfenvinphos>bromfenvinphos>dihydro-bromfenvinphos.
International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2013 Jun;57:38-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.02.011. Epub 2013 Mar 7.
The aim of this work was to examine the effect of two organophosphorous compounds i.e. bromfenvinphos (BFVF) and chlorfenvinphos (CFVF) possessing acaricidal and insecticidal properties, on the activity of human erythrocytes acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7). Moreover, the effect of five bromf
PMID 23474396

Japanese Journal

Preparation of superhydrophilic alumina films by hydrothermal processes using an organophosphorous compound

KATO Sadaaki,NISHIDE Toshikazu,NARA Masahiro,NAGAI Naofumi,HAKUTA Yukiya,MIZUKAMI Fujio
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 123(1437), 437-442, 2015
Superhydrophilic alumina films were successfully fabricated by a hydrothermal reaction of nanofibrous alumina films in a nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (NMP) aqueous solution at 180°C for 6 h. …
NAID 130005068628

Identification and characterization of another 4-nitrophenol degradation gene cluster, nps, in Rhodococcus sp. strain PN1(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Yamamoto Kenta,Nishimura Munehiro,Kato Dai-ichiro [他],Takeo Masahiro,Negoro Seiji
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(6), 687-694, 2011-06
… 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is a toxic compound formed in soil by the hydrolysis of organophosphorous pesticides, such as parathion. …
NAID 110008672817

Genotoxic Effect of Chlorpyriphos on Germ Cells of Short Horned Grasshopper Poecilocerus pictus F. (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridiidae)

Mohanty Prafulla K.,Bhanja Maneesha,Raj Kalpalata,Otta Sanjaya Narayan
CYTOLOGIA 72(4), 397-400, 2007
… The investigation on the effect of organophosphorous compound namely Chlorpyriphos on grasshoppers shows that Chlorpyriphos has induced chromosomal aberrations significantly with increase in concentration and duration of exposure to this compound. …
NAID 130004447989