a card game using a pack of cards from which one queen has been removed; players match cards and the player holding the unmatched queen at the end of the game is the loser (or `old maid'
of long duration; not new; "old tradition"; "old house"; "old wine"; "old country"; "old friendships"; "old money"
past times (especially in the phrase `in days of old'
skilled through long experience; "an old offender"; "the older soldiers" (同)older
(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age; "his mother is very old"; "a ripe old age"; "how old are you?"
(used for emphasis) very familiar; "good old boy"; "same old story"
of a very early stage in development; "Old English is also called Anglo Saxon"; "Old High German is High German from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 11th century"
"Old maid" redirects here. For other uses, see Old maid (disambiguation).
A poem entitled "It won't be my fault if I die an Old Maid", containing the lines "Remember no thought to a girl is so dread / As the terrible one—She may die an Old Maid."
Spinster is a term referring to an unmarried woman who is older than what is perceived as the prime age range during which women should marry. It could also indicate that a woman is considered unlikely to ever marry.[1] The term originally denoted a woman whose occupation was to spin. A synonymous but more pejorative term is old maid.[2] The closest equivalent term for males is 'bachelor', but this generally does not carry the same pejorative connotations in reference to age and perceived desirability in the marriage.
Contents
1Etymology and history
2Current use
3Research
4Reasons women do not marry
5Popular culture
5.1Events
5.2Media
5.2.1Film
5.2.2Literature
5.2.3Music
5.2.4Television
5.3Other uses
6Notable spinsters
7See also
8References
9External links
Etymology and history
The Spinner by William-Adolphe Bouguereau shows a woman hand-spinning using a drop spindle. Fibers to be spun are bound to a distaff held in her left hand.
Long before the Industrial Age, "spinster" denoted girls and women who spun wool. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, spinning was "commonly done by unmarried women, hence the word came to denote" an unmarried woman in legal documents from the 1600s to the early 1900s, and "by 1719 was being used generically for 'woman still unmarried and beyond the usual age for it' ".[3] As a denotation for unmarried women in a legal context, the term dates back to at least 1699,[4] and was commonly used in banns of marriage of the Church of England where the prospective bride was described as a "spinster of this parish".[5]
The Oxford American Dictionary tags "spinster" (meaning "...unmarried woman, typically an older woman beyond the usual age for marriage") as "derogatory" and "a good example of the way in which a word acquires strong connotations to the extent that it can no longer be used in a neutral sense."[6]
The 1828 and 1913 editions of Merriam Webster's Dictionary defined spinster in two ways: "1. A woman who spins, or whose occupation is to spin. 2. Law: An unmarried or single woman."[7] By the 1800s, the term had evolved to include women who chose not to marry. During that century
middle-class spinsters, as well as their married peers, took ideals of love and marriage very seriously, and ... spinsterhood was indeed often a consequence of their adherence to those ideals. ... They remained unmarried not because of individual shortcomings but because they didn't find the one "who could be all things to the heart".[8](subscription required)
One 19th-century editorial in the fashion publication Peterson's Magazine encouraged women to remain choosy in selecting a mate — even at the price of never marrying. The editorial, titled "Honorable Often to Be an Old Maid", advised women: "Marry for a home! Marry to escape the ridicule of being called an old maid? How dare you, then, pervert the most sacred institution of the Almighty, by becoming the wife of a man for whom you can feel no emotions of love, or respect even?"[8]
Current use
The Oxford American English Dictionary defines spinster as "an unmarried woman, typically an older woman beyond the usual age for marriage". It adds: "In modern everyday English, however, spinster cannot be used to mean simply ‘unmarried woman’; as such, it is a derogatory term, referring or alluding to a stereotype of an older woman who is unmarried, childless, prissy, and repressed."[6]
Currently, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary defines the "unmarried woman" sense of the term in three ways: (1) an archaic usage meaning "an unmarried woman of gentle family", (2) a meaning related to (1) but not tagged as archaic: "an unmarried woman and especially one past the common age for marrying" and (3) "a woman who seems unlikely to marry".[9]
Dictionary.com describes the "woman still unmarried beyond the usual age of marrying" sense of the term as "Disparaging and Offensive". A usage note goes on to say that this sense "is ... perceived as insulting. It implies negative qualities such as being fussy or undesirable". Also included is a sense of the word used specifically in a legal context: "a woman who has never married".[10]
Wordreference.com describes the "woman still unmarried" sense of 'spinster' as "dated".[11]
Age is a crucial part of the definition, according to Robin Lakoff's explanation in Language and Woman's Place. "If someone is a spinster, by implication she is not eligible [to marry]; she has had her chance, and been passed by". "Hence, a girl of twenty cannot be properly called a spinster: she still has a chance to be married."[12] Yet other sources on terms describing a never-married woman indicate that the term applies to a woman as soon as she is of legal age or age of majority (see bachelorette, single).
The title "spinster" has been embraced by feminists like Sheila Jeffreys, whose book The Spinster and Her Enemies (1985) defines spinsters simply as women who have chosen to reject sexual relationships with men.[13] In her 2015 book, Spinster, Making a Life of One's Own, Kate Bolick has written, "To me, the spinster is self-reliant and inscrutable. We think we know what the wife is up to and what the mother is up to but the single woman is mysterious. I like that mystery. So the term is a useful way to hold onto the idea of autonomy that can get so easily lost inside of marriage or motherhood."[14]
In 2005, in England and Wales, the term was abolished in favour of "single" for the purpose of marriage registration.[15]
Research
One University of Missouri study found that modern spinsters feel a social stigma attached to their status, and a sense of both heightened visibility and invisibility. "Heightened visibility came from feelings of exposure, and invisibility came from assumptions made by others."[16]
Reasons women do not marry
Women may not marry for a variety (and/or combination) of reasons, including personal inclination, a dearth of eligible men (whose numbers can decrease dramatically during wartime) and socio-economic conditions (that is, the availability of livelihoods for women).[17] Writer and spinster Louisa May Alcott famously wrote that "liberty is a better husband than love to many of us".[18] Social status issues could also arise where it was unacceptable for a woman to marry below her social rank but her parents lacked the funds to support a marriage within their social rank.[19]
In the early 19th century, particularly in England, women would fall under Coverture, stating that all property and contracts in their name would be ceded to their husbands. This was particularly common in women who owned businesses.[citation needed]
The First World War prevented many within a generation of women from experiencing romance and marriage, or having children.[20] The image of the old spinster with a fading photo of her dead World War I soldier boyfriend on her fireplace mantel was common in films of the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed] Likewise, in the American classic novel Gone with the Wind (1936) about the Civil War, numerous references are made to grieving fiancées, women who were "wanted, if not wed", and to the shortage of single, able-bodied (and thus "marriageable") men at war's end.[citation needed]
In modern peacetime societies with wide opportunities for romance, marriage and children, there are other reasons that available women remain single as they approach old age. Psychologist Erik Erikson postulated that during young adulthood (ages 18 to 39), individuals experience an inner conflict between a desire for intimacy (i.e., a committed relationship leading to marriage) and a desire for isolation (i.e., fear of commitment).[21] Other reasons women may choose not to marry include a focus on career, a desire for an independent life, economic considerations, or an unwillingness to make the compromises expected in a marriage.[22]
Some writers have suggested that to understand why women do not marry, one should examine reasons women do marry and why it may be assumed they should marry in the first place. According to Adrienne Rich, "Women have married because it was necessary, in order to economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism, in order to remain respectable, in order to do what was expected of women because coming out of 'abnormal' childhoods they wanted to feel 'normal', and because heterosexual romance has been represented as the great female adventure, duty, and fulfillment".[23]
Popular culture
Spinsters have been a focus of attention from the media and mainstream culture for centuries. They are the "aanissat" in Arabic, "spinsters" or "old maids" in English, "vieilles filles" in French, "zitelle" in Italian, "alte Jungfer" in German, or "dakhtar torsheedeh" in Persian.[24]
Events
In Australia, parties are held for young single people to meet and socialize (particularly in the rural areas). These events are known as Bachelor and Spinster Balls or colloquially "B and S Balls". There is also a philanthropic group of women between the ages of 21 and 35, called the Spinsters of San Francisco, who organize events.[25]
Media
By the 2010s, interest developed in this word as a form of reappropriation from third-wave feminists. Recent examples include several blogs/videos, such as reclaimingthepejorative,[26] a Bitch Magazine article,[27] and the Spinster House YouTube channel.[28]
Film
Many classic and modern films have depicted stereotypical spinster characters. For example:
In the classic Now, Voyager (1942), Bette Davis portrayed Charlotte Vale, an unattractive, overweight, repressed spinster whose life is dominated by her dictatorial mother, an aristocratic Boston dowager whose verbal and emotional abuse of her daughter has contributed to the woman's complete lack of self-confidence.
Bette Davis played another spinster named Charlotte in Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964).
Katharine Hepburn specialized in playing spinsters in the 1950s, such as Rosie in The African Queen (1951), Jane Hudson in Summertime (1955), and Lizzie in The Rainmaker (1956).
The fictional character Bridget Jones often refers to herself as a spinster in the film Bridget Jones's Diary (1996).
The documentary Cat Ladies (2009) spins a tale of four spinsters whose lives have become dedicated to their cats.[29]
Maureen O'Hara played Mary Kate Doherty in The Quiet Man (1952)
Literature
In both The Taming of the Shrew (early 1590s) and Much Ado About Nothing (late 1590s), William Shakespeare referred to a contemporary saying that it was the fate of women who died unmarried to lead apes into hell. By the time of the British Regency, ape leader had become a slang term for an old maid. It is often used in that context in Regency romances and other literature set in that period.[citation needed]
The word thornbacks was used to refer to old maids in Peter Anthony Motteux's 1694 English translation of François Rabelais' 16th century novels Gargantua and Pantagruel.[30][31] In one of the earliest examples of autobiographical writing in English, John Dunton wrote in 1705 that unmarried women in Boston were called thornbacks at the age of thirty.[32][33] A thornback (Raja clavata) is a commonly eaten species of ray fish, the female young of which were called maids, and in Scotland maiden-skates.[34][35][36]
The books Washington Square and The Heiress have old maid heroines who ultimately choose to remain spinsters and embrace the freedom of not having to enter marriage.[citation needed]
One stereotype of spinsters that appears in literature is that they are downtrodden or spineless women who were victims of an oppressive parent. This stereotype is played out in William Faulkner's classic short story "A Rose for Emily" (1930), in which Emily's father is confident that no man is worthy of his daughter's hand in marriage.
Other stereotypes include women who were relegated to lifetime roles as family caretaker for their family of origin[37] or for a married sibling's children, "poor relations" who would work "to earn their keep" as nannies or unpaid domestics. For example, being a governess was the fate expected by the rejected titular orphan in Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre (1847); Eyre retained that status until the man she loved was widowed and available.
A common theme in the fiction writings of author/poet Sandra Cisneros is marital disillusionment; for example. in the poem "Old Maids" (1994).
In the Charles Dickens' classic Great Expectations, the primary antagonist is Miss Havisham, a spinster embittered by being defrauded and abandoned on her wedding day; an event that shaped the rest of her life, and by extension, those around her.
Another stereotype of the spinster that has appeared in literature is the quick-witted and sometimes quick-tempered independent woman, who has remained unmarried by choice, as in "Spinster Thurber's Carpet" (1897), Pauline Phelps's popular short story and play about an unmarried woman who decides during the Revolutionary War that she'd rather have a carpet than a husband.[38]
The popular and shrewdly intelligent detective Miss Marple was a spinster heroine in Agatha Christie's series of crime novels, which later became a television series.[39]
In Jane Austen's Emma, the character Miss Bates is a spinster, and Austen (who never married) gives her stereotypical negative characteristics such as garrulousness.
Music
Bob Dylan's song "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" (1963) tells the true story of a murder at a spinsters' ball in Baltimore in 1963.[40]
Paul McCartney, while in the Beatles, composed the hit song "Eleanor Rigby" (1966) about the loneliness and death of a spinster (though he never used the term in the lyrics).
The country song "Delta Dawn", made famous by Tanya Tucker, overviews the plight of a woman focused on a single lost love, destined to go unmarried unless the lover returns.
Television
Tina Fey's portrayal of her character Liz Lemon, on the hit NBC series 30 Rock, exemplifies another classic spinster stereotype. Lemon, a 40-something single woman whose relationships never seem to work out, has unrealistically high expectations for a male partner: her dream husband is the archetypal "Astronaut Mike Dexter", and for much of the series her character is holding out on settling on a man until she can score an astronaut.[41]
Other uses
Unpopped popcorn kernels have been dubbed "old maids" in popular slang, since like unmarried women who never had children, the kernels do not "pop".[40]
Notable spinsters
Some notable women who never married include:
Louisa May Alcott, writer
Susan B. Anthony, feminist
Jane Austen, writer
Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross
Catharine Beecher, educator
Emily Bronte, author
Nannie Helen Burroughs, educator, civil rights activist
Mary Cassatt, painter
Coco Chanel, fashion designer
Patricia Clarkson, actress
Kiki Dee, musician
Emily Dickinson, writer
Elizabeth I of England, Queen of England
Helen Gandy, J. Edgar Hoover's long-term personal secretary
Greta Garbo, actress
Lilian Gish, actress
Debbie Harry, American singer-songwriter
Lata Mangeshkar, Indian singer
Kylie Minogue, singer-songwriter
Florence Nightingale, nurse
Lin Qiaozhi, doctor
Amy Sedaris, actress
Diane Warren, songwriter
See also
Medieval Singlewomen
Bachelor
Bachelorette
Cat lady
Catherinette
Fear of commitment
Moirai
Sheng nu
Single
Weaving (mythology)
He never married
References
^"Spinster", Merriam-Webster Dictionary
^"Spinster". WordReference.com. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^"John West, Sexual Offences: assault with intent". Old Bailey Proceedings Online. 13 December 1699. Retrieved 28 July 2012. for assaulting on Mary Bowden, Spinster, a Virgin, under the Age of Ten Years
^"Marriage service rubric". The Book of Common Prayer.
^ ab"spinster defined". American English. Oxford dictiionaries. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^"Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828)". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ abZsuzsa Berend (Summer 2000). "'The Best Of None!' Spinsterhood In Nineteenth-Century New England". Journal of Social History.
^"spinster definition". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^"Spinster". WordReference.com. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
^Lakoff, Robin (1975). Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper and Row.
^Jeffreys, Sheila (1985). The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality 1880–1930.
^Bielski, Zosia (7 May 2015). "In her new book, Kate Bolick argues why there’s nothing wrong with being a 'spinster'". The Globe and Mail.
^"R.I.P Bachelors and Spinsters". BBC. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^"Single Women Still Feel Spinster Stigma, Study Finds". LiveScience. March 2010.
^Kislev, Elyakim (2019). Happy Singlehood: The Rising Acceptance and Celebration of Solo Living. University of California Press.
^"Louisa May Alcott, Spinster, Enjoys Valentine's Day 1868". New England Historical Society. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
^Hill, Bridget (2001). Women Alone Spinsters in England 1660-1850. Yale University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0300088205.
^Nicholson, Virginia (2007). Singled Out: How Two Million Women Survived Without Men After the First World War.
^Harder, Arlene (2009). The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson.
^Pepper Schwarz, Why More Women Choose Not to Marry, CNN.com, 14 October 2015
^"Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence." Signs, Vol. 5, No. 4, Women: Sex and Sexuality. (Summer, 1980), pp. 631-660.
^Flah, Loubna (18 August 2012). "'Bayrat' or 'Spinsters', Single Women Trapped in Social Stigma". Morocco World News.
^"Spinsters of San Francisco". www.sfspinsters.com. Retrieved 2015-04-14.
^reclaimingthepejorative
^Zeisler, Andi (27 November 2012). "The Big Feminist BUT: Corinne Mucha's 'Spinster'". Bitch Magazine.
^"Spinster House". YouTube.
^Cat Ladies
^Motteux, Peter Antony; Rabelais, François (1694). Gargantua and Pantagruel, The Fifth Book. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
^Peter Motteux. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
^Earl, Alice Morse (1894). Customs and Fashions in Old New England. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
^Dunton, John (1705). The Life and Errors of John Dunton, Citizen of London: With the Lives and Characters of More ... Retrieved 22 March 2019.
^Viney, Michael (4 March 2017). "The fish disappearing from Irish waters". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society Volume 1. 1811. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
^Thornback (1888 ed.). Oxford English Dictionary.
^"family of origin defined". Mosby's Medical Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
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Bionanotechnology has pivotal role in the development of a novel therapy, applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we found that therapeutics, pharmaceutics and diagnostic effectiveness of photosynthesized Catharanthus roseus (CR) AuNPs induces mitochondr
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Bi H, Wang S, Zhou W, Zhuang Y, Liu T.
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