WordNet

be uneasy or apprehensive about; "I fear the results of the final exams"
an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) (同)fearfulness, fright
a feeling of profound respect for someone or something; "the fear of God"; "the Chinese reverence for the dead"; "the French treat food with gentle reverence"; "his respect for the law bordered on veneration" (同)reverence, awe, veneration
be afraid or scared of; be frightened of; "I fear the winters in Moscow"; "We should not fear the Communists!" (同)dread
be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event; "I fear she might get aggressive"
be sorry; used to introduce an unpleasant statement; "I fear I wont make it to your wedding party"
a person who has obsessions

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『恐れ』,恐怖(dread) / 〈C〉〈U〉『不安』,心配,気づかい(anxiety) / 〈U〉(神に対する)おそれ,崇敬(awe) / …‘を'『恐れる』,こわがる(進行形にできない) / …‘を'『気づかう』,あやぶむ / 《古》〈神など〉‘を'恐れる / 恐れる,こわがる / (…を)気づかう,心配する《+『for』+『名』》
妄想がとりついて;強迫観念を引き起こす / =obsessional

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1. 成人の広場恐怖症：疫学、臨床症状、経過、および診断 agoraphobia in adults epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
2. 成人における特定恐怖症：疫学、臨床症状、経過、および診断 specific phobia in adults epidemiology clinical manifestations course and diagnosis
3. 小児における不安障害：評価および診断 anxiety disorders in children assessment and diagnosis
4. 統合失調症における不安 anxiety in schizophrenia
5. 成人における強迫性障害：疫学、病因、臨床症状、経過、および診断 obsessive compulsive disorder in adults epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations course and diagnosis

English Journal

The spread of mental contamination.

Coughtrey AE, Shafran R, Rachman SJ.Author information School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Reading University, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AL, UK. Electronic address: a.e.coughtrey@pgr.reading.ac.uk.AbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fear of contamination can be evoked following physical contact with a dirty, harmful or polluted item, person, or place (contact contamination) or in the absence of physical contact with a contaminant (mental contamination). The spread of contact contamination does not degrade over successive degrees of removal from the contaminated source. However, to date, the spread of mental contamination has not been empirically investigated. This study aimed to examine the spread and degradation of mental contamination.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2014 Mar;45(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.008. Epub 2013 Jul 27.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fear of contamination can be evoked following physical contact with a dirty, harmful or polluted item, person, or place (contact contamination) or in the absence of physical contact with a contaminant (mental contamination). The spread of contact contamination does not deg
PMID 23948098

Safety behaviour enhances the acceptability of exposure.

Levy HC, Radomsky AS.Author information a Department of Psychology , Concordia University , Montreal QC Canada.AbstractCompulsive washing and contamination fears are among the most common symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Research suggests that exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective for OCD. However, ERP is prone to dropouts and refusals, and a substantial proportion of clients therefore do not receive the care they need. A proposed solution involves the judicious use of safety behaviour to enhance the acceptability of exposure-based interventions. The current study aimed to test this proposed solution. Participants were 70 undergraduate students who completed two exposure exercises for contamination fear, one with safety behaviour and one without. Participants then rated the acceptability of the two exercises. Exposure with safety behaviour (ESB) was rated as significantly more acceptable than ERP. Furthermore, subjective fear ratings were lower and behavioural approach to a series of contaminants was greater in the ESB condition. Results demonstrated the acceptability-enhancing potential of safety behaviour in exposure, and are discussed in terms of both theoretical and practical aspects of safety behaviour, exposure, and evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders.
Cognitive behaviour therapy.Cogn Behav Ther.2014 Jan;43(1):83-92. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.819376.
Compulsive washing and contamination fears are among the most common symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Research suggests that exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective for OCD. However, ERP is prone to dropouts and refusals, and a substantial proportion of clients therefore
PMID 24299223

From Pavlov to PTSD: The extinction of conditioned fear in rodents, humans, and in anxiety disorders.

Vanelzakker MB1, Kathryn Dahlgren M2, Caroline Davis F3, Dubois S4, Shin LM2.Author information 1Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Electronic address: michael.vanelzakker@gmail.com.2Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.3Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.4Tufts University Psychology, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.AbstractNearly 100years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to anticipate food at the sound of a bell, which caused them to salivate. Like sustenance, danger is biologically relevant, and neutral cues can take on great salience when they predict a threat to survival. In anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this type of conditioned fear fails to extinguish, and reminders of traumatic events can cause pathological conditioned fear responses for decades after danger has passed. In this review, we use fear conditioning and extinction studies to draw a direct line from Pavlov to PTSD and other anxiety disorders. We explain how rodent studies have informed neuroimaging studies of healthy humans and humans with PTSD. We describe several genes that have been linked to both PTSD and fear conditioning and extinction and explain how abnormalities in fear conditioning or extinction may reflect a general biomarker of anxiety disorders. Finally, we explore drug and neuromodulation treatments that may enhance therapeutic extinction in anxiety disorders.
Neurobiology of learning and memory.Neurobiol Learn Mem.2013 Dec 7. pii: S1074-7427(13)00242-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.014. [Epub ahead of print]
Nearly 100years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to anticipate food at the sound of a bell, which caused them to salivate. Like sustenance, danger is b
PMID 24321650

Japanese Journal

強迫症の診断概念，そして中核病理に関するパラダイムシフト:—神経症，あるいは不安障害から強迫スペクトラムへ—

松永寿人
不安症研究 6(2), 86-99, 2015
強迫症（OCD）は，DSM-IV-TRまで，神経症あるいは不安障害の一型とされてきた。しかしDSM-5では不安症群から分離され，「とらわれ」や「繰り返し行為」を特徴とする強迫症および関連症群という新たなカテゴリー内に位置づけられた。すなわちOCDの疾患概念は，不安の病気から強迫スペクトラムへと転換することとなり，その背景には，病因や病態，治療など他の不安症との相違に関する知見の集積がある。一方，病 …
NAID 130005073975

強迫性障害に対する行動実験を用いた認知行動療法

石川亮太郎,小堀修,中川彰子,清水栄司
不安障害研究 5(1), 54-60, 2013
… その結果，強迫性障害の症状得点（Obsessive Compulsive Inventory）はセッションを経るごとに減少し，本症例に対する認知行動療法の有効性が示唆された。 …
NAID 130005003896