WordNet

pleasantly new or different; "common sense of a most refreshing sort" (同)refreshing
a printed and bound book that is an extended work of fiction; "his bookcases were filled with nothing but novels"; "he burned all the novels"
an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story
originality by virtue of being new and surprising (同)freshness
an attempt to acquire or gain something

PrepTutorEJDIC

『新奇な』,ざん新な
(長編の)『小説』
〈U〉『新奇さ』,『珍しつ』,ざん新さ(newness) / 〈C〉『珍しいもの』,珍しいこと / 〈C〉《複数形で》(装飾品やおもちゃなどの)珍奇な商品,新型商品

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/04 14:13:05」(JST)

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In psychology, novelty seeking (NS) is a personality trait associated with exploratory activity in response to novel stimulation, impulsive decision making, extravagance in approach to reward cues, quick loss of temper, and avoidance of frustration.^[1] It is measured in the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire as well as the later version Temperament and Character Inventory and is considered one of the temperament dimensions of personality. Like the other temperament dimensions, it has been found to be highly heritable. High NS has been suggested to be related to low dopaminergic activity.^[2]

In the revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) novelty seeking consists of the following four subscales:

Exploratory excitability (NS1)
Impulsiveness (NS2)
Extravagance (NS3)^[3]
Disorderliness (NS4)

Relationship to other personality traits

A research study^[4] found that Novelty seeking had inverse relationships with other Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions, particularly harm avoidance and to a more moderate extent self-directedness and self-transcendence. Novelty seeking is positively associated with the five factor model trait of extraversion and to a lesser extent openness to experience and is inversely associated with conscientiousness. Novelty seeking is positively related to Impulsive sensation seeking from Zuckerman's Alternative five model of personality and with psychoticism in Eysenck's model.^[4] When novelty seeking is defined as a decision process (i.e. in terms of the tradeoff between foregoing a familiar choice option in favor of deciding to explore a novel choice option), dopamine is directly shown to increase novelty seeking behavior.^[5] Specifically, blockade of the dopamine transporter, causing a rise in extracelluar dopamine levels, increases the propensity of monkeys to select novel over familiar choice options.

Causes

Genetics

Although the exact causes for novelty seeking behaviors is unknown, there may be a link to genetics. Studies have found an area on the Dopamine receptor D4 gene on chromosome 11 that is characterized by several repeats in a particular base sequence. Multiple studies have identified a link to genetics, in particular one conducted by Dr. Benjamin and colleagues, where individuals who had longer alleles of this gene had higher novelty-seeking scores than individuals with the shorter allele.^[6] In another study relating to the gene and financial risk, Dr. Dreber and colleagues found a correlation between increased risk-taking and the DRD4 gene in young males.^[7] Although there are studies that support the link between NS and dopaminergic activity via DRD4, there are also studies that do not exhibit a strong correlation. The importance of DRD4 in novelty seeking is yet to be confirmed conclusively.

Dopamine

In addition to potential heredity, novelty seeking behaviors are seen with the modulation of dopamine. The overall effect of dopamine when exposed to a novel stimuli is a mass release of the neurotransmitter in reward systems of the brain including the mesolimbic pathway.^[8] The mesolimbic pathway is active in every type of addiction and is involved with reinforcement. Because of this activation in the brain, NS has been linked to personality disorders as well as substance abuse and other addictive behaviors. DRD4 receptors are highly expressed in areas of the limbic system associated with emotion and cognition.

Age

It is important to note the individual's age with novelty seeking. This behavior will decrease with time, especially as the brains of adolescents and young adults finalize in development. Possible factors of variation include gender, ethnicity, temperament and environment^{[citation needed]}.

References

^ Cloninger, C.R.; Svrakic, DM; Przybeck, TR (December 1993). "A psychobiological model of temperament and character". Archives of General Psychiatry. 50 (12): 975–90. PMID 8250684. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008.
^ C. R. Cloninger (Autumn 1986). "A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states". Psychiatric Developments. 4 (3): 167–226. PMID 3809156.
^ Loranger, Armand Walter (1997). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-58043-4.
^ ^a ^b De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000). "Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 29: 441–452. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4.
^ Costa, Vincent D.; Tran, Valery L.; Turchi, Janita; Averbeck, Bruno B. (2014). "Dopamine modulates novelty seeking behavior during decision making". Behavioral Neuroscience. 128 (4): 413–424. PMID 24911320. doi:10.1037/a0037128.
^ Lusher, JM; Chandler, C; Ball, D (September 2001). "Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is associated with Novelty Seeking (NS) and substance abuse: the saga continues…". Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (5): 497–499. PMID 11526461. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000918.
^ McKusick, Victor A.; Hurko, Orest; Black, John Logan, III; Kniffin, Cassandra L. (4 May 2010). "Novelty Seeking Personality Trait". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University.
^ Patoine, Brenda (13 October 2009). "Desperately Seeking Sensation: Fear, Reward, and the Human Need for Novelty: Neuroscience Begins to Shine Light on the Neural Basis of Sensation-Seeking". The Dana Foundation.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Suicidal phenotypes associated with family history of suicidal behavior and early traumatic experiences.

Lopez-Castroman J, Jaussent I, Beziat S, Genty C, Olié E, de Leon-Martinez V, Baca-Garcia E, Malafosse A, Courtet P, Guillaume S.SourceInserm, U1061, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, F-34000 France; IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Department of Psychiatry, Madrid 28040, Spain; CIBERSAM, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: jorgecastroman@gmail.com.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2012 Dec 15;142(1-3):193-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.025. Epub 2012 Jul 28.
BACKGROUND: Family history of suicidal behavior and personal history of childhood trauma are risk factors for suicidal behaviors. We hypothesize that subjects with any of these risk factors will show differential features and that subjects with both of them will display more severe phenotypes.METHOD
PMID 22842027

Japanese Journal

高校生の食行動と精神的回復力の関係

日本家政学会誌 65(7), 373-382, 2014
NAID 130004774139

<b>運動部活動及び学校生活場面における心理的スキルと </b><b>生徒の競技能力及び精神的回復力との関係 </b>

スポーツ教育学研究 33(1), 1-13, 2013
NAID 130004624653

「novel」

　　[★]

新規の、新しい

関: anew、de novo、new、newly

「novelty」

　　[★]

目新しいもの、目新しさ

[Cloninger-1] Cloninger, C.R.; Svrakic, DM; Przybeck, TR (December 1993). "A psychobiological model of temperament and character". Archives of General Psychiatry. 50 (12): 975–90. PMID 8250684. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008.

[2] C. R. Cloninger (Autumn 1986). "A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states". Psychiatric Developments. 4 (3): 167–226. PMID 3809156.

[3] Loranger, Armand Walter (1997). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-521-58043-4.

[defruyt-4] De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000). "Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 29: 441–452. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4.

[5] Costa, Vincent D.; Tran, Valery L.; Turchi, Janita; Averbeck, Bruno B. (2014). "Dopamine modulates novelty seeking behavior during decision making". Behavioral Neuroscience. 128 (4): 413–424. PMID 24911320. doi:10.1037/a0037128.

[6] Lusher, JM; Chandler, C; Ball, D (September 2001). "Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is associated with Novelty Seeking (NS) and substance abuse: the saga continues…". Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (5): 497–499. PMID 11526461. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000918.

[7] McKusick, Victor A.; Hurko, Orest; Black, John Logan, III; Kniffin, Cassandra L. (4 May 2010). "Novelty Seeking Personality Trait". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University.

[8] Patoine, Brenda (13 October 2009). "Desperately Seeking Sensation: Fear, Reward, and the Human Need for Novelty: Neuroscience Begins to Shine Light on the Neural Basis of Sensation-Seeking". The Dana Foundation.

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novelty seeking