記号、表示法

WordNet

the activity of representing something by a special system of marks or characters
a technical system of symbols used to represent special things (同)notational system
a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancers body and the direction of the dancers movement and the tempo and the dynamics
a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands (同)Lukasiewicz notation, Polish notation
a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components
any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9)
of or relating to a connotation (同)connotative of

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〈C〉(特殊な記号・符号による一組の)表記,表習 / 〈U〉(特殊な記号・符号による)表記法 / 〈C〉《米》(本の欄外などの)書き込み,注記(note)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/12 00:15:13」(JST)

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In linguistics and semiotics, a notation is a system of graphics or symbols, characters and abbreviated expressions, used in artistic and scientific disciplines to represent technical facts and quantities by convention.^[1]^[2] Therefore, a notation is a collection of related symbols that are each given an arbitrary meaning, created to facilitate structured communication within a domain knowledge or field of study.

Standard notations refer to general agreements in the way things are written or denoted. The term is generally used in technical and scientific areas of study like mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, but can also be seen in areas like business, economics and music.

1 Written communication
- 1.1 Biology and medicine
- 1.2 Chemistry
- 1.3 Computing
- 1.4 Logic
- 1.5 Management
- 1.6 Mathematics
- 1.7 Physics
- 1.8 Typographical conventions
- 1.9 Sports and games
2 Graphical notations
- 2.1 Music
- 2.2 Dance and movement
- 2.3 Science
- 2.4 Other systems
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading

Written communication

Phonographic writing systems, by definition, use symbols to represent components of auditory language, i.e. speech, which in turn refers to things or ideas. The five main kinds of phonographic notational system are the alphabet and syllabary. Some written languages are more consistent in their correlation of written symbol or grapheme and sound or phoneme, and are therefore considered to have better phonemic orography.
Ideographic writing, by definition, refers to things or ideas independently of their pronunciation in any language. All of the notational systems listed below are ideographic. Some ideographic systems are also pictograms that convey meaning through their pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

Biology and medicine

Nucleic acid notation
Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN)
Sequence motif pattern-description notations
Cytogenetic notation
Energy Systems Language

Chemistry

Chemical formulas are a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, e.g. H
2O or C
6H
12O
6

Computing

BNF (Backus Normal Form or Backus–Naur Form) and EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form) are the two main notation techniques for context-free grammars.
Hungarian notation is an identifier naming convention in computer programming, that represents the type or intended use of a variable with a specific pattern within its name.
Mathematical markup languages are computer notations for representing mathematical formulae.
Various notations have been developed to specify regular expressions.

Logic

A variety of symbols are used to express logical ideas; see the List of logic symbols

Management

Time and motion study symbols such as therbligs

Mathematics

Mathematical notation is used to represent various kinds of mathematical ideas.
- All types of notation in probability
- Cartesian coordinate system, for representing position and other spatial concepts in analytic geometry
- Notation for differentiation, common representations of the derivative in calculus
- Big O notation, used for example in analysis to represent less significant elements of an expression, to indicate that they will be neglected
- Z notation, a formal notation for specifying objects using Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory and first-order predicate logic
- Ordinal notation
- Set-builder notation, a formal notation for defining sets in set theory
Systems to represent very large numbers
- Conway chained arrow notation
- Knuth's up-arrow notation
- Steinhaus–Moser notation
Numeral systems, notation for writing numbers, including
- Arabic numerals
- Roman numerals
- Scientific notation for expressing large and small numbers
- Sign-value notation, using signs or symbols to represent numbers
- Positional notation also known as place-value notation, in which each position is related to the next by a multiplier which is called the base of that numeral system
  - Binary notation, a positional notation in base two
  - Octal notation, a positional notation in base eight, used in some computers
  - Decimal notation, a positional notation in base ten
  - Hexadecimal notation, a positional notation in base sixteen, commonly used in computers
  - Sexagesimal notation, an ancient numeral system in base sixty
See also Table of mathematical symbols - for general tokens and their definitions...

Physics

Bra–ket notation or Dirac Notation is another representation of probability in quantum mechanics
Tensor index notation is used when formulating physics (particularly continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, relativistic quantum mechanics and field theory, and general relativity) in the language of tensors.

Typographical conventions

Infix notation, the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, such as a+b-c
Polish notation or "prefix notation", which places the operator before the operands (arguments), such as + a b
Reverse Polish notation or "postfix notation", which places the operator after the operands, such as a b +

Sports and games

Baseball scorekeeping, to represent a game of baseball
Juggling notation, to represent juggling patterns

Graphical notations

Music

Musical notation permits a composer to express musical ideas in a musical composition, which can be read and interpreted during performance by a trained musician; there are many different ways to do this (hundreds have been proposed), although staff notation provides by far the most widely used Modern musical symbols.

Dance and movement

Benesh Movement Notation permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
Laban Movement Analysis or Labanotation permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation permits a graphical representation of bodily movements of other species in addition to humans, and indeed any kind of movement (e.g. aircraft aerobatics)
Aresti aerobatic symbols provides a way to represent flight maneuvers in aerobatics

Science

Feynman diagrams permit a graphical representation of a perturbative contribution to the transition amplitude or correlation function of a quantum mechanical or statistical field theory
Structural formulas are graphical representations of molecules
Venn diagrams shows logical relations between a finite collection of sets.
Drakon-charts are a graphical representation of algorithms and procedural knowledge.

Other systems

Chess notation, to represent moves in a game of chess
New Epoch Art Notation, to represent the creation of a visual image using any physical media
Whyte notation

References

^ Crystal, David (2011). Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. John Wiley & Sons.
^ "Notation". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 September 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Perspectives on object manipulation and action grammar for percussive actions in primates.

Hayashi M1.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Nov 19;370(1682). pii: 20140350. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0350.
The skill of object manipulation is a common feature of primates including humans, although there are species-typical patterns of manipulation. Object manipulation can be used as a comparative scale of cognitive development, focusing on its complexity. Nut cracking in chimpanzees has the highest hie
PMID 26483528

In silico prediction of the β-cyclodextrin complexation based on Monte Carlo method.

Veselinović AM1, Veselinović JB2, Toropov AA3, Toropova AP3, Nikolić GM2.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2015 Nov 10;495(1):404-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.078. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
In this study QSPR models were developed to predict the complexation of structurally diverse compounds with β-cyclodextrin based on SMILES notation optimal descriptors using Monte Carlo method. The predictive potential of the applied approach was tested with three random splits into the sub-trainin
PMID 26320546

UVCB substances: Methodology for structural description and application to fate and hazard assessment.

Dimitrov SD1, Georgieva DG1, Pavlov TS1, Karakolev YH1, Karamertzanis PG2, Rasenberg M2, Mekenyan OG1.
Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC.Environ Toxicol Chem.2015 Nov;34(11):2450-62. doi: 10.1002/etc.3100. Epub 2015 Oct 8.
Substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs) have been conventionally described in generic terms. Commonly used substance identifiers are generic names of chemical classes, generic structural formulas, reaction steps, physical-chemical pro
PMID 26053589

Large-scale structure-activity relationship study of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibition using SMILES-based descriptors.

Worachartcheewan A1,2, Prachayasittikul V3, Toropova AP4, Toropov AA4, Nantasenamat C5,6.
Molecular diversity.Mol Divers.2015 Nov;19(4):955-64. doi: 10.1007/s11030-015-9614-2.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is composed of structural and non-structural proteins involved in viral transcription and propagation. In particular, NS5B is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for viral transcription and genome replication and is a target for designing anti-viral agents. In this study, classif
PMID 26164590

Japanese Journal

GSNからの実行可能なスクリプト生成の提案

石井正樹,倉光君郎
情報処理学会論文誌. プログラミング 7(2), 36, 2014-06-10
… Casesは,システムのディペンダビリティ要求を議論し,その確信や合意を得る手段として安全工学分野から利用が広がっている.本発表では,Assurance Casesの記法の1つであるGSN(Goal Structuring Notation)を用いて,最終的にGSNが議論するディペンダビリティ要求の実現に対応付けられた実行可能スクリプトの生成を提案する.従来のAssurance Casesは,示すべき主張を保証するために静的な文書をEvidenceとして用いている.そのため,運用 …
NAID 110009794813

Design and Implementation of GSN Patterns: A Step toward Assurance Case Language

Yutaka Matsuno
情報処理学会論文誌. プログラミング 7(2), 1-10, 2014-06-10
… GSN (Goal Structuring Notation) and CAE (Claim, Argument, Evidence) are such two notations. …
NAID 110009794810