WordNet

provide an interlinear translation of a word or phrase
an explanation or definition of an obscure word in a text (同)rubric
provide interlinear explanations for words or phrases; "He annotated on what his teacher had written" (同)comment, annotate
give a shine or gloss to, usually by rubbing
add explanatory notes to or supply with critical comments; "The scholar annotated the early edition of a famous novel" (同)footnote
the act of adding notes (同)annotating
a womans voice with male qualities

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉光沢,つや;〈C〉光沢のある表面 / 〈U〉《単数形で》見せかけ,虚飾 / …‘の'光沢(つや)を出す
(行間・ページの下段・巻末に付けられた)注釈,解説 / (巻末などに付けた)語い集,用語解説 / …‘に'注釈を付ける,‘を'注解する
〈本など〉‘に'注釈する,注をつける / (…について)注釈する《+『on』+『名』》
(…の)注解,注釈書,解説,論評《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》(…の)実録《+『on』+『名』》
注釈,注

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/23 23:21:25」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the literary term. For other uses, see Gloss (disambiguation).

A gloss (from Latin: glossa, from Greek: γλῶσσα glóssa "language") is a brief marginal notation of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text, or in the reader's language if that is different.

A collection of glosses is a glossary. A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by so-called glossators, is called an apparatus. The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography, and the glossaries so compiled were in fact the first dictionaries. In modern times a glossary, as opposed to a dictionary, is typically found in a text as an appendix of specialized terms that the typical reader may find unfamiliar. Also, satirical explanations of words and events are called glosses. The German Romantic movement used the expression of gloss for poems commenting on a given other piece of poetry, often in the Spanish Décima style.

Glosses were originally notes made in the margin or between the lines of a text in a Classical language, in which the meaning of a word or passage is explained. As such, glosses vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to interlinear translations of a text with cross references to similar passages.

Etymology

The word gloss was first used in the 1570s to refer to the insertion of a word as an explanation. It began to be used to mean to "explain away" in the 1630s, and originated from the concept of a note being inserted in the margin of a text to explain a difficult word.^[1]

In theology

Main article: Glosses to the Bible

Glosses and other marginal notes were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology, and were studied and memorized for their own merit. Many Biblical passages came to be associated with a particular gloss, whose truth was taken to be scriptural.

In law

In literature

A gloss, or glosa, is a verse in traditional Iberian literature and music which follows and comments on a refrain (the "mote"). See also villancico.

In philology

The Glosas Emilianenses are glosses added to this Latin codex that are now considered the first phrases written in the Castilian language.

Glosses are of some importance in philology, especially if one language—usually, the language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. The Reichenau glosses, for example, gloss the Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages, and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations. Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish. Glosses frequently shed valuable light on the vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax, because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally.

In linguistics

Main article: Interlinear gloss

In linguistics, a simple gloss in running text may be marked by single^[3] quotation marks and follow the transcription of a foreign word. For example:

A Cossack longboat is called a chaika ‘seagull’.
The moose gains its name from the Algonquian mus or mooz (‘twig eater’).

A longer or more complex transcription requires an interlinear gloss. Such a gloss may be placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed, and not just the overall meaning of the passage.

Glossing sign languages

Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of an English gloss written in all capitals. Prosody is often glossed as superscript English words, with its scope indicated by brackets.

[I LIKE]^NEGATIVE [WHAT?]^RHETORICAL, GARLIC.
"I don't like garlic."

Pure fingerspelling is usually indicated by hyphenation. Fingerspelled words that have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications) are indicated with a hash. For example, W-I-K-I indicates a simple fingerspelled word, but #JOB indicates a lexicalized unit, produced like J-O-B, but faster and with a barely perceptible O.

Bibliography

Meinolf Schumacher: "…der kann den texst und och die gloß. Zum Wortgebrauch von 'Text' und 'Glosse' in deutschen Dichtungen des Spätmittelalters." In 'Textus' im Mittelalter. Komponenten und Situationen des Wortgebrauchs im schriftsemantischen Feld, edited by Ludolf Kuchenbuch and Uta Kleine, 207-27, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.

References

^ "Gloss". Online Etymology Dicionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=g&p=14&allowed_in_frame=0. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
^ Black's Law Dictionary, 7th ed.
^ Campbell, Lyle. 2004. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. xix.

Look up gloss in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 終末期医療：効果的な疼痛管理における倫理的問題 end of life care ethical considerations in effective pain management

English Journal

Effects of cleansing methods on 3-D surface roughness, gloss and color of a polyamide denture base material.

Polychronakis NC1, Polyzois GL, Lagouvardos PE, Papadopoulos TD.
Acta odontologica Scandinavica.Acta Odontol Scand.2015 Jul;73(5):353-63. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.967720. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two denture cleansing methods on 3-D surface roughness, gloss and color of denture base materials.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty disks from nylon (Valplast) and 30 from heat-polymerized acrylic denture base material (Paladon 65) wer
PMID 25367196

Material properties derived from three-dimensional shape representations.

Marlow PJ1, Anderson BL2.
Vision research.Vision Res.2015 May 14. pii: S0042-6989(15)00168-6. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.003. [Epub ahead of print]
Retinal image structure is due to a complex mixture of physical sources that includes the surface's 3D shape, light-reflectance and transmittance properties, and the light field. The visual system can somehow discriminate between these different sources of image structure and recover information abo
PMID 25982712

The joint effect of mesoscale and microscale roughness on perceived gloss.

Qi L1, Chantler MJ2, Siebert JP3, Dong J4.
Vision research.Vision Res.2015 May 9. pii: S0042-6989(15)00164-9. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.04.014. [Epub ahead of print]
Computer simulated stimuli can provide a flexible method for creating artificial scenes in the study of visual perception of material surface properties. Previous work based on this approach reported that the properties of surface roughness and glossiness are mutually interdependent and therefore, p
PMID 25969141

Practitioner courage and ethical health care environments.

Oakley J.
The Hastings Center report.Hastings Cent Rep.2015 May;45(3):40-2. doi: 10.1002/hast.454.
In this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Ann Hamric, John Arras, and Margaret Mohrmann highlight how contemporary accounts of the virtue of courage in health care often gloss over deeper problems in the underlying health care systems themselves. They express particular concerns about the appropr
PMID 25944208

Japanese Journal

光沢知覚の脳内処理 : 質感の客観的評価に向けて (特集脳科学と映像)

坂野雄一,和田充史,安藤広志
映像情報メディア学会誌 = The journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 69(6), 502-505, 2015-07
NAID 40020525819

テキストからの対象物認識に有用な記述内容 : 動物を例に

加藤祥
国立国語研究所論集 9, 23-50, 2015-07
テキストの示す対象物を認識するために,どのような内容を記述することが有用か。本稿では,動物を例にした3種類の実験に基づく考察結果を報告する。複数辞書に共通して記載のある語釈,辞書の語釈に不足しているとされた情報を追加したテキスト,コーパス(現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス・Google日本語n-gram)から取得した用例を用い,それぞれのテキストから対象物を同定する実験を行った。どの実験結果でも正答 …
NAID 110009920470