関: specific types

関: specific types

関: specific types

WordNet

an inflammation of the kidney (同)Bright''s disease
affected by nephritis
of or relating to the kidneys (同)renal

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腎炎(じんえん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/04/08 19:21:27」(JST)

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Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.^[4]

Types

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Glomerulonephritis is often implied when using the term "nephritis" without qualification.^[1]
Interstitial nephritis (or tubulo-interstitial nephritis) is inflammation of the spaces between renal tubules.^[2]

Causes

Nephritis is often caused by infections, and toxins, but is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs like kidneys.^[5]

Pyelonephritis is inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the renal pelvis of the kidney.^[6]
Lupus nephritis is inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of the immune system.^[7]
Athletic nephritis is nephritis resulting from strenuous exercise.^[8] Bloody urine after strenuous exercise may also result from march hemoglobinuria, which is caused by trauma to red blood cells, causing their rupture, which leads to the release of hemoglobin into the urine.^[9]

Mechanism

Renin–angiotensin system

Nephritis can produce glomerular injury, by disturbing the glomerular structure with inflammatory cell proliferation.^[10] This can lead to reduced glomerular blood flow, leading to reduced urine output (oliguria)^[11] and retention of waste products (uremia).^[12] As a result, red blood cells may leak out of damaged glomeruli, causing blood to appear in the urine (hematuria).^[13]

Low renal blood flow activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), causing fluid retention and mild hypertension.^[14] As the kidneys inflame, they begin to excrete needed protein from the affected individual's body into the urine stream. This condition is called proteinuria.^[15]

Loss of necessary protein due to nephritis can result in several life-threatening symptoms. The most serious complication of nephritis can occur if there is significant loss of the proteins that keep blood from clotting excessively. Loss of these proteins can result in blood clots, causing sudden stroke.^[16]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis depends on the cause of the nephritis, in the case of lupus nephritis, blood tests, X-rays and an ultrasound can help ascertain if the individual has the condition.^[3]

Treatment

Disease burden of nephritis/nephrosis worldwide in 2004.^[17]

no data

less than 40

40–120

120–200

200–280

280–360

360–440

440–520

520–600

600–680

680–760

Treatment (or management) of nephritis depends on what has provoked the inflammation of the kidney(s). In the case of lupus nephritis, hydroxychloroquine could be used.^[18]

Prevalence

Nephritis represents the ninth most common cause of death among all women in the US (and the fifth leading cause among non-Hispanic black women).^[19]

Worldwide the highest rates^{[clarification needed]} of nephritis are 50-55% for African or Asian descent, then Hispanic at 43% and Caucasian at 17%.^[20]

The average age of this inflammation (lupus nephritis in this case) is about 28.4 years old for an individual who has been so diagnosed with the condition^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b "Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ ^a ^b "Interstitial nephritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ ^a ^b "American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. | National Guideline Clearinghouse". www.guideline.gov. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ Keto Acids – Advances in Research and Application 2013 Edition p.220e
^ "Acute Nephritis; Nephrosis; Nephritic syndrome information. Patient | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ "Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ "Lupus Nephritis". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ "Nephritis Symptoms". esagil.org.
^ Shinton, N. K. (2007). Desk Reference for Hematology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420005127. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
^ "Glomerular Diseases". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
^ "Oliguria: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology". Medscape. eMedicine. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ "uremia | accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urine that produces a severe toxic condition and usually occurs in severe kidney disease". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ "Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ Ashar, Bimal; Miller, Redonda; Sisson, Stephen; Hospital, Johns Hopkins (2012-02-20). Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review: Certification and Recertification. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0323087988.
^ "Proteinuria". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ Jr, Donald E. Thomas (2014-05-22). The Lupus Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Families. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421409849.
^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov 11, 2009.
^ "Hydroxychloroquine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
^ "Leading Causes of Death - Women's Health USA 2010". mchb.hrsa.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
^ Lerma, Edgar; Rosner, Mitchell (2012-10-28). Clinical Decisions in Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461444541.
^ "Lupus Nephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". 2018-04-22.

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1. 急性間質性腎炎の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis
2. 糸球体疾患の鑑別診断および評価 differential diagnosis and evaluation of glomerular disease
3. 小児における糸球体腎炎の病因と原因の概要 overview of the pathogenesis and causes of glomerulonephritis in children
4. 全身性エリテマトーデスにおける腎疾患の診断および分類 diagnosis and classification of renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
5. びまん性または巣状増殖性ループス腎炎の治療 therapy of diffuse or focal proliferative lupus nephritis

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腎炎」「nephritic」
拡張検索	「acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis」「post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis」「poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis」「poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis」「scarlatinal nephritis」

「腎炎」

Nephritis
	Enlarged kidney(anatomy)
Specialty	Nephrology
Types	Glomerulonephritis and Interstitial nephritis
Diagnostic method	Ultrasound, X-ray
Treatment	Depends on type(See type)