Not to be confused with Pleonasm.
"Neoplastic" redirects here. For Dutch artistic movement, see De Stijl.
-plasia
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| Anaplasia – dedifferentiation |
| Aplasia – when an entire organ or a part of an organ is missing |
| Hypoplasia – inadequate or below-normal number of cells |
| Hyperplasia – physiological proliferative increase in number of cells |
| Neoplasia – abnormal proliferation |
| Dysplasia – change of phenotype (size,shape and organization of tissue) |
| Metaplasia – cell type conversion |
| Prosoplasia – cell type develops new function |
| Desmoplasia – connective tissue growth |
| Neoplasm |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
C00-D48 |
| ICD-9 |
140-239.99 |
| DiseasesDB |
28841 |
| MedlinePlus |
001310. |
| MeSH |
D009369 |
Colectomy specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an invasive colorectal carcinoma (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly-shaped tumor)
Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely fibroids of the uterus
Neoplasm (from ancient Greek νεο- neo-, "new" + πλάσμα plasma, "formation", "creation") is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia. Neoplasia is the abnormal proliferation of cells. Prior to neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia.[1] However, metaplasia or dysplasia do not always progress to neoplasia. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds, and is not coordinated with, that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli. It usually causes a lump or tumor. Neoplasms may be benign, pre-malignant (carcinoma in situ) or malignant (cancer).
In modern medicine, the term tumor means a neoplasm that has formed a lump. In the past, the term tumor was used differently. Some neoplasms do not cause a lump.
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Contents
- 1 Types
- 2 Difficulty of definition
- 3 Neoplasia vs. tumor
- 4 See also
- 5 References
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Types
A neoplasm can be benign, potentially malignant (pre-cancer), or malignant (cancer).[2]
- Benign neoplasms include uterine fibroids and melanocytic nevi (skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer.[1]
- Potentially malignant neoplasms include carcinoma in situ. They do not invade and destroy but, given enough time, will transform into a cancer.
- Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form metastases and eventually kill the host.
- Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Difficulty of definition
Because neoplasia includes very different diseases, it is difficult to find an all-encompassing definition.[3] The definition of the British oncologist R.A. Willis is widely cited: "A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change."[4] This definition is criticized because some neoplasms, such as nevi, are not progressive.
Clonality
Neoplastic tumors often contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be clonal – that is, they are descended from a single progenitor cell.
Sometimes, the neoplastic cells all carry the same genetic or epigenetic anomaly that becomes evidence for clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g. lymphoma and leukemia, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their immunoglobulin gene (for B cell lesions) or T-cell receptor gene (for T cell lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.[5]
It is tempting to define neoplasms as clonal cellular proliferations but the demonstration of clonality is not always possible. Therefore, clonality is not required in the definition of neoplasia.
Neoplasia vs. tumor
Tumor (Latin for swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammation) originally meant any form of swelling, neoplastic or not. Current English, however, both medical and non-medical, uses tumor as a synonym of neoplasm.[6]
Some neoplasms do not form a tumor. These include leukemia and most forms of carcinoma in situ.
See also
References
- ^ a b Abrams, Gerald. "Neoplasia I". http://open.umich.edu/education/med/m1/patientspop-genetics/fall2008/materials. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Cancer - Activity 1 - Glossary, page 4 of 5". http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/other/glossary/act1-gloss4.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ "What is neoplasm? Find the definition for neoplasm at WebMD". http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/neoplasm. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ Willis RA. The Spread of Tumors in the Human Body. London, Butterworth & Co, 1952
- ^ Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, et al. (1995). "The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199501053320104. PMID 7990861. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=7990861&promo=ONFLNS19.
- ^ "Pancreas Cancer: Glossary of Terms". http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/slides/glossary.html. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
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Medicine: Pathology
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| Principles of pathology |
- Disease/Medical condition
- Hemodynamics
- Inflammation
- Wound healing
- Cell death
- Necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Apoptosis
- Pyknosis
- Karyorrhexis
- Karyolysis
- Cellular adaptation
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
- Squamous
- Glandular
- Accumulations:
- pigment
- Hemosiderin
- Lipochrome/Lipofuscin
- Melanin
- Steatosis
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| Anatomical pathology |
- Surgical pathology
- Cytopathology
- Autopsy
- Molecular pathology
- Forensic pathology
- Dental pathology
- Gross examination
- Histopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Electron microscopy
- Immunofluorescence
- Fluorescent in situ hybridization
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| Clinical pathology |
- Clinical chemistry
- Hematopathology
- Transfusion medicine
- Medical microbiology
- Diagnostic immunology
- Immunopathology
- Enzyme assay
- Mass spectrometry
- Chromatography
- Flow cytometry
- Blood bank
- Microbiological culture
- Serology
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| Specific conditions |
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Pathology: Tumor, Neoplasm, Cancer, and Oncology (C00–D48, 140–239)
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| Conditions |
| Benign tumors |
- Hyperplasia
- Cyst
- Pseudocyst
- Hamartoma
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| Malignant progression |
- Dysplasia
- Carcinoma in situ
- Cancer
- Metastasis
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| Topography |
- Head/Neck (Oral, Nasopharyngeal)
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Bone
- Skin
- Blood
- Urogenital
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
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| Histology |
- Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Blastoma
- Papilloma
- Adenoma
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| Other |
- Precancerous condition
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
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| Staging/grading |
- TNM
- Ann Arbor
- Prostate cancer staging
- Gleason Grading System
- Dukes classification
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| Carcinogenesis |
- Cancer cell
- Carcinogen
- Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes
- Clonally transmissible cancer
- Oncovirus
- Cancer bacteria
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| Misc. |
- Research
- List of oncology-related terms
- History
- Cancer pain
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Carcinogen—Cancer causing materials and agents
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| Main articles |
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| Major suspected carcinogens |
- PFOA
- Tobacco smoke
- Xenoestrogen
- Bisphenol A
- Ionizing radiation
- DDT
- 1,3-Butadiene
- List of breast carcinogenic substances
- PAH
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| IARC |
- International Agency for Research on Cancer / IARC agent lists: Group 1
- Group 2A
- Group 2B
- Group 3
- Group 4 (Caprolactam)
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- See also
- Neoplasm
- Oncology
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