- adj.
- 腫瘍の、腫瘍学の
WordNet
- an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose (同)tumour, neoplasm
- the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors
- the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor
- of or relating to or practicing oncology; "oncological nurse" (同)oncologic
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (体内にできる)新生物;腫瘍(しゅよう)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/19 02:37:01」(JST)
wiki en
Not to be confused with ontology, ontogeny, or odontology.
See cancer for the biology of the disease, as well as a list of malignant diseases.
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) |
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A coronal CT scan showing a malignant mesothelioma, indicated by the asterisk and the arrows
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| Focus | Cancerous tumor |
|---|---|
| Subdivisions | Medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology |
| Significant tests | Tumor markers, TNM staging, CT scans, MRI |
| Specialist | Oncologist |
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.[1] The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (ónkos), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass".[2]
The 3 components which has improved survival in cancer are
1). Prevention - This is by reduction of risk factors like tobacco & alcohol consumption[3]
2). Early Diagnosis - Screening of common cancers[4] and comprehensive diagnosis and staging
3). Treatment - Multimodality management[5] by discussion in tumour board and treatment in a comprehensive cancer centre[6]
Cancers are best managed by discussing in multi-disciplinary tumour boards[7] where medical oncologist, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, pathologist, radiologist and organ specific oncologists meet to find the best possible management for an individual patient considering the physical, social, psychological, emotional and financial status of the patients. It is very important for oncologists to keep updated of the latest advancements in oncology as changes in management of cancer are quite common. All fit patients whose cancer progresses and no standard of care treatment options are available should be enrolled in a clinical trial.
Contents
- 1 Risk Factors
- 2 Screening
- 3 Symptoms
- 4 Diagnosis & Staging
- 5 Treatment
- 6 Specialties
- 7 Progress and Future
- 8 References
- 9 Bibliography
- 10 External links
Risk Factors
Tobacco - It is the leading cause of cancer diagnosis and death from cancer. Smoking is associate with increased risk of cancers of lung, larynx, mouth, oesophagus, throat, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum, cervix and acute myeloid leukemia. Smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) is associated with increased risks of cancers of the mouth, oesophagus, and pancreas.[8]
Alcohol - It can increase your risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, oesophagus, larynx, liver and breast. The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and also use tobacco.[9]
Obesity - Obese individuals have an increased risk of cancers of breast, colon, rectum, endometrium, oesophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder.[10]
Age - Advanced age is a risk factor for many cancers. The median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years.[11]
Screening
Screening is recommended for cancers of breast,[12] cervix,[13] colon[14] and lung.[15]
Symptoms
Symptoms usually depend on the site and type of cancer.
Breast cancer - Lump in breast and axilla associated with ulceration, blood nipple discharge[16]
Endometrial cancer - Bleeding per vagina[17]
Cervix cancer - Bleeding after sexual intercourse[18]
Ovary cancer- Nonspecific symptoms like abdominal distension, dyspepsia[19]
Lung cancer - Persistent cough, breathlessness, blood in the sputum, hoarseness of voice[20]
Head & Neck cancer - Non healing ulcer or growth, lump in the neck[21]
Brain cancer - Persistent headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision[22]
Thyroid cancer - Lump in the neck[23]
Oesophagus cancer - Painful swallowing predominantly to solid food, weight loss[24]
Stomach cancer - Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss[25]
Colon & Rectum cancer - Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits[26]
Liver cancer - Jaundice, pain and mass in right upper abdomen[27]
Carcinoma Pancreas - Weight loss, jaundice[28]
Skin carcinoma - Non healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size,irregular border, induration or pain[29]
Kidney cancer - Blood in urine, abdominal lump[30]
Bladder cancer - Blood in urine[31]
Prostate cancer - Urgency, hesitancy and frequency while passing urine, bony pain[32]
Testis cancer - Swelling of testis, back pain, dyspnoea[33]
Bone cancer - Pain and swelling of bones[34]
Lymphoma - Fever, weight loss more than 10% body weight in preceding 6 months and drenching night sweats which constitutes the B symptoms, lump in neck, axilla or groin[35]
Blood cancer - Bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums, bleeding from nose, blood in vomitus, blood in sputum, blood stained urine, black coloured stools, fever, lump in neck, axilla or groin, lump in upper abdomen[20]
Diagnosis & Staging
Diagnostic & Staging investigations depend on the site and type of malignancy
Blood cancer
Blood investigations including Haemoglobin, Total leucocyte count, Platelet count, Peripheral Smear, Red cell indices
Bone marrow studies including aspiration, Flow-cytometry,[36] Cytogenetics,[37] Fluorescent in situ hybridisation and molecular studies[38]
Lymphoma
Excision biopsy of lymph node for Histopathological Examination (HPE),[39] Immuno-histochemistry (IHC)[40] and molecular studies.[41]
Blood investigations including Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum Uric Acid, Renal Functions.[42]
Imaging tests like Computerised Tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography (PET CT).[43]
Bone marrow biopsy[44]
Solid tumours
Biopsy for histopathology & IHC[45]
Imaging tests like Roentgenogram (X-ray), Ultrasonography, Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and PET CT.[46]
Endoscopy including Naso-pharyngoscopy, Direct & Indirect Laryngoscopy, Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Cystoscopy.
Tumour markers including alphafetoprotein (AFP),[47] Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG),[47] Carcinoembionic Antigen (CEA),[48] CA 125,[49] Prostate specific antigen (PSA).[50]
Treatment
Treatment depends on the site and type of cancer.
Solid tumours
Breast Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors)[51]
Cervix Cancer - Treatment options includes radiation, surgery and chemotherapy[52]
Endometrial Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy[53]
Ovary Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors)[54]
Lung Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors)[55]
Head & Neck Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitors)[56]
Brain Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors)[51]
Thyroid Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery and radioactive iodine[57]
Oesophageal Cancer - Treatment options includes radiation, chemotherapy and surgery[58]
Stomach Cancer - Treatment options includes chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors)[59]
Colon Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors)[60]
Rectum Cancer - Treatment options includes chemotherapy, radiation, surgery[61]
Liver Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Radio-frequency abalation (RFA) and multi-kinase (Sorafenib)[62]
Pancreas Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy[63]
Skin Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy[64]
Kidney Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, multi-kinase inhibitors and targeted therapy (mTOR & VEGF inhibitors)[65]
Bladder Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy[66]
Prostate Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgens and immunotherapy[67]
Testis Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation[68]
Bone Cancer - Treatment options includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation[69]
Lymphoma
It includes Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
HL - Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimen and Involved field radiation therapy (IFRT)[70]
NHL - Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B cell lymphomas and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T cell lymphomas[71]
Blood cancer
It include Acute Leukemias and Chronic Leukemias. Acute Leukemias includes Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Chronic Leukemias include Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
ALL - Intensive chemotherapy phase for initial 6 months and maintenance chemotherapy for 2 years. Prophylactic cranial and stem cell transplantation for high risk patients.[72]
AML - Induction with chemotherapy (Daunorubicin + Cytarabine) followed by consolidation chemotherapy (High dose cytarabine). Stem cell transplantation for high risk patients.[73]
CLL - Chemo-immunotherapy (FCR or BR regimen) for symptomatic patients.[74]
CML - Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib) as first line treatment.[75]
Specialties
- The three main division includes
- Medical oncology: focuses of treatment on cancer with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy.[76]
- Surgical oncology: focuses on treatment of cancer with surgery.[77]
- Radiation oncology: focuses on treatment of cancer with radiation.[77]
- Sub-specialities in Oncology:
- Neuro-oncology: focuses on cancers of brain.[78]
- Ocular oncology: focuses on cancers of eye.[79]
- Head & Neck oncology: focuses on cancers of oral cavity, nasal cavity, oropharynx, hypopharyx and larynx.[80]
- Thoracic oncology: focuses on cancers of lung, mediastinum, oesophagus and pleura.[81]
- Breast oncology: focuses on cancers of breast
- Gastrointestinal oncology: focuses on cancers of stomach, colon, rectum, anal canal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.[82]
- Bone & Musculoskeletal oncology: focuses on cancers of bones and soft tissue.[83]
- Genitourinary oncology: focuses on cancers of genital and urinary system.[84]
- Gynecologic oncology: focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system.[85]
- Pediatric oncology: concerned with the treatment of cancer in children.[86]
- Hemato oncology: focuses on cancers of blood and stem cell transplantation
- Preventive oncology: focuses on epidemiology & prevention of cancer.[87]
- Geriatric oncology: focuses on cancers in elderly population.[88]
- Pain & Palliative oncology: focuses on treatment of end stage cancer to alleviate the suffering.[89]
- Molecular oncology: focuses on molecular diagnostic methods in oncology.[90]
- Oncopathology: focuses on histopathological diagnosis of cancer
- Nuclear medicine oncology: focuses on diagnosis and treatment of cancer with radiopharmaceuticals.
- Psycho-oncology: focuses on psychosocial issues on diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.
- Veterinary oncology: focuses on treatment of cancer in animals.[91]
Progress and Future
- Leukemia,[92] Lymphoma,[93] Germ cell tumours[94] and early stage solid tumours which were once incurable have become curable malignancies now
- Survival of cancer has significantly improves over the past years due to improved screening, diagnostic methods and treatment options with targeted therapy.
- Large multi-centric Phase III randomised controlled clinical trials by National Surgical Adjuvant Breast & Bowel Project (NSABP) [95] Medical Research Council (MRC),[96] the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC),[97] and National Cancer Institute (NCI)have contributed significantly to the improvement in survival
- Definitely a time will come when we would say 'Cancer is Curable'
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External links
- National Institute of Health - National Cancer Institute [1]
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network [2]
- European Society of Medical Oncology[3]
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- ^ "Comprehensive Cancer Information". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
- ^ "NCCN - Evidence-Based Cancer Guidelines, Oncology Drug Compendium, Oncology Continuing Medical Education". www.nccn.org. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
- ^ "European Society for Medical Oncology | ESMO". www.esmo.org. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. 小児癌患者の救急治療 emergencies in pediatric cancer patients
- 2. 小児の非ホジキンリンパ腫の概要 overview of pediatric non hodgkin lymphoma
- 3. 原発性直腸癌切除術における外科腫瘍学の原則 surgical oncologic principles for resection of primary rectal adenocarcinoma
- 4. 大腸癌切除術の外科腫瘍学の原則 surgical oncologic principles for the resection of colon cancer
- 5. 切除可能食道癌のマネージメントにおける外科腫瘍学の原則 surgical oncologic principles for management of resectable esophageal cancer
English Journal
- Anti-tumor effects of bemiparin in HepG2 and MIA PaCa-2 cells.
- Alur İ1, Dodurga Y2, Seçme M3, Elmas L3, Bağcı G3, Gökşin İ1, Avcı ÇB4.
- Gene.Gene.2016 Jul 10;585(2):241-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.044. Epub 2016 Apr 2.
- Recent researches have demonstrated improved survival in oncologic patients treated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) which are anticoagulant drugs. We evaluated "second generation" LMWH bemiparin and its in vitro anti-tumor effects on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma and MIA PaCa-2 cancer ce
- PMID 27048831
- Arrhythmias and Other Electrophysiology Issues in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy or Radiation.
- Viganego F1,2, Singh R1, Fradley MG3,4.
- Current cardiology reports.Curr Cardiol Rep.2016 Jun;18(6):52. doi: 10.1007/s11886-016-0730-0.
- Enhanced understanding of cancer biology has significantly increased treatment options and dramatically improved outcomes for patients with malignancies. Despite these advances, many therapies have cardiovascular toxicities which can affect morbidity and mortality independent of the oncologic progno
- PMID 27108362
- Curing Cancer, Saving the Heart: A Challenge That Cardioncology Should Not Miss.
- Cardinale D1, Biasillo G2, Cipolla CM2.
- Current cardiology reports.Curr Cardiol Rep.2016 Jun;18(6):51. doi: 10.1007/s11886-016-0731-z.
- Advances in oncologic therapies have led to considerable improvements in prognosis and survival. However, these improvements may ultimately be diminished by the increase of cardiovascular side effects. Typically, both conventional and new antitumoral therapies may induce asymptomatic or symptomatic
- PMID 27108361
Japanese Journal
- 症例 oncologic emergencyを呈して発見された縦隔原発非ホジキンリンパ腫
- 橋田 祐一郎,上山 潤一,米田 尚弘 [他]
- 小児科 54(13), 1977-1982, 2013-12
- NAID 40019921905
- 悪性腫瘍と血栓症・DIC(第7回)腫瘍崩壊症候群
- 大里 洋一,横山 智央
- Thrombosis medicine 3(2), 189-193, 2013-06
- NAID 40019750470
- 訪問看護における補完代替療法実施の現状について
- 徳重 あつ子,田中 小百合
- 日本統合医療学会誌 6(1), 83-92, 2013-05
- NAID 40019750453
Related Links
- 活動内容 今後の活動方針： 以下の病態に対し、病態生理、診断・治療法についてエビデンスの収集を行う。情報の少ない領域については、後ろ向きあるいは前向きの観察研究を実施し、その実態の把握に努める。がん関連学会が作成 ...
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Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「neoplasia」「neoplasm」「腫瘍学」「tumour」「onco」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「oncological」 |
「neoplasia」
「neoplasm」
- n.
「腫瘍学」
「tumour」
- n.
「onco」
- comb form.
「oncological」
- adj.
- 腫瘍学的な、腫瘍学の