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100 para equal 1 dinar in Yugoslavia
having given birth to one or more viable children
producing more than one offspring at a time

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/09 17:19:40」(JST)

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For other uses of the term in other fields, see parity.

In biology, parity is a technical term that refers to the number of times a female has given birth to a baby.^[1]

It can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks,^[2] and for multiple pregnancies.^[3]

Enumeration [edit]

A woman's obstetrical history is recorded as: number of pregnancies, known as gravida and number of pregnancies carried to viable gestational age , known as parity. Viable gestational age varies from region to region, for example in the UK it is considered to be 24 weeks whilst in the USA 23 weeks is considered viable.

A woman who has never given birth is a nullipara, a nullip, or para 0.

A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is also referred to as being nulliparous, a nullipara or para 0.^[4]

A woman who has given birth one or more times is referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3 and so on.

A woman in her first pregnancy and who has therefore not yet given birth is a nullipara or nullip. After she gives birth she becomes a primip.

A woman who has given birth once before is primiparous, and would be referred to as a primipara or primip.

A woman who has given birth two or more times is multiparous and is called a multip.

Grand multipara refers to a (grand multiparous) woman who has given birth five or more times.

GTPAL [edit]

Gravida status is the number of pregnancies a woman has had. Parity is recorded in the format, T-P-A-L:

T: is the number of term births (twins and other multiple births count as 1). Term births are those occurring at 37 weeks or beyond.
P: is the number preterm births (twins and other multiple births count as 1). Preterm births are those that occur after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks.
A: is the number of abortions (spontaneous or induced) prior to 20 weeks.
L: is the number of living children.

For example, Gravida and parity are noted here using GTPAL. A woman who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to misinterpretations.^[4]

Nulliparity [edit]

A nulliparous (or nullipara or para 0) woman may have a higher risk for some complications during birth including experiencing more frequently interventions due to slow labour progress and a higher likelihood of experiencing a pregnancy that goes post dates. However, primips and multips may have increased risks related to their previous birth and pregnancy histories.

Prolonged nulliparity is a risk factor for breast cancer. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that nulliparity was associated with a 30% increase in risk of breast cancer compared with parous women, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.^[5] However risks related to pregnancy, such as maternal mortality are much larger than the increased risk of breast cancer for a nulliparous woman.

References [edit]

^ "Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment) | Doctor | Patient UK". Retrieved 2010-01-16.
^ Creinin MD, Simhan HN (March 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?". Obstet Gynecol 113 (3): 709–11. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f. PMID 19300338.
^ Opara EI, Zaidi J (October 2007). "The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey". BJOG 114 (10): 1295–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x. PMID 17877683.
^ ^a ^b F. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2145231

UpToDate Contents

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1. 多経産における産科的問題 obstetrical issues in grand multiparity
2. 女性における心血管リスクの決定因子およびマネージメント determinants and management of cardiovascular risk in women

English Journal

Identifying indicators during pregnancy for child maltreatment.

Thompson EL, Thompson LA, Black EW, Esernio-Jenssen D, Hardt N, Das R, Roth J.Author information Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B Downs, MDC56, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA, ethomps1@health.usf.edu.AbstractTo measure the effect of a short interpregnancy interval (IPI), along with other indicators routinely asked during pregnancy on later report of child maltreatment. We hypothesized that an IPI of <18 months was associated with increased risk of child maltreatment. This study was a secondary analysis of a linked population-based dataset from 2005 to 2007 in Florida. Data were derived from three sources: Birth Certificates, Healthy Start Prenatal Risk Screens, and the HomeSafeNet Database. Primary predictor variables were IPI, and mothers' evaluations of the timing of the pregnancy and perceptions of harm. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds of child maltreatment, adjusting for demographic and other known risk factors for maltreatment. The final study sample consisted of 85,258 multipara women-infant dyads with credible IPIs and with completed Healthy Start Prenatal Risk Screens. Seventeen percent of children had a report of child maltreatment in the first 5 years of life. An IPI of less than 18 months was associated with 18 % higher odds of maltreatment compared to an IPI of greater than 18 months (95 % CI 1.13, 1.23). Mothers' perception of harm and desire to be pregnant at a later time were also significantly associated with higher odds of maltreatment report (AOR = 2.43 95 % CI = 2.17, 2.71 and AOR = 1.18 95 % CI 1.13, 1.24, respectively). Ascertaining short IPI and asking pregnant and peripartum women about their perception of harm and desire for a longer birth spacing can alert obstetricians, family practitioners and pediatricians to potential child maltreatment.
Maternal and child health journal.Matern Child Health J.2013 Dec;17(10):1817-24. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-1201-x.
To measure the effect of a short interpregnancy interval (IPI), along with other indicators routinely asked during pregnancy on later report of child maltreatment. We hypothesized that an IPI of <18 months was associated with increased risk of child maltreatment. This study was a secondary analys
PMID 23233243

Evaluation of the relationship between urodynamic examination and urinary tract infection based on urinalysis results.

Tsai SW1, Kung FT1, Chuang FC1, Ou YC1, Wu CJ2, Huang KH3.Author information 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia Yi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: gynh2436@adm.cgmh.org.tw.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) after urodynamic examination by evaluating patients' clinical characteristics and urodynamic parameters.
Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology.Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol.2013 Dec;52(4):493-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.007.
OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) after urodynamic examination by evaluating patients' clinical characteristics and urodynamic parameters.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-one female patients (mean age 58.7 ± 12.3 years) from May to December 2011 wh
PMID 24411032

Study for the improvement of umbilical cord blood sampling using a new trial apparatus.

Masaoka N, Morooka M, Nakajima Y, Ogata H, Kodo H, Kato S.Author information Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba.AbstractAIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the trial umbilical cord blood sampling bag for unrelated cord blood transplantation.
The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.J Obstet Gynaecol Res.2013 Nov 18. doi: 10.1111/jog.12179. [Epub ahead of print]
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the trial umbilical cord blood sampling bag for unrelated cord blood transplantation.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were obtained from 100 vaginal deliveries. In 50 cases, umbilical cord blood (UCB) was taken with the traditional Kawasumi type
PMID 24245945