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producing more than one offspring at a time

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/28 05:49:59」(JST)

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For other uses of the term in other fields, see parity.

In biology, parity is a technical term that refers to the number of times a female has given birth to a baby.^[1]

It can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks,^[2] and for multiple pregnancies.^[3]

Enumeration

A woman's obstetrical history is recorded as: number of pregnancies, known as gravida and number of pregnancies carried to viable gestational age , known as parity. Viable gestational age varies from region to region, for example in the UK it is considered to be 24 weeks whilst in the USA 23 weeks is considered viable.

A woman who has never given birth is a nullipara, a nullip, or para 0.

A woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is also referred to as being nulliparous, a nullipara or para 0.^[4]

A woman who has given birth one or more times is referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3 and so on.

A woman in her first pregnancy and who has therefore not yet given birth is a nullipara or nullip. After she gives birth she becomes a primip.

A woman who has given birth once before is primiparous, and would be referred to as a primipara or primip.

A woman who has given birth two or more times is multiparous and is called a multip.

Grand multipara refers to a (grand multiparous) woman who has given birth five or more times.

GTPAL

Gravida status is the number of pregnancies a woman has had. Parity is recorded in the format, T-P-A-L:

T: is the number of term births (twins and other multiple births count as 1). Term births are those occurring at 37 weeks or beyond.
P: is the number preterm births (twins and other multiple births count as 1). Preterm births are those that occur after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks.
A: is the number of abortions (spontaneous or induced) prior to 20 weeks.
L: is the number of living children.

For example, Gravida and parity are noted here using GTPAL. A woman who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to misinterpretations.^[4]

Nulliparity

A nulliparous (or nullipara or para 0) woman may have a higher risk for some complications during birth including experiencing more frequently interventions due to slow labour progress and a higher likelihood of experiencing a pregnancy that goes post dates. However, primips and multips may have increased risks related to their previous birth and pregnancy histories.

Prolonged nulliparity is a risk factor for breast cancer. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that nulliparity was associated with a 30% increase in risk of breast cancer compared with parous women, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.^[5] However risks related to pregnancy, such as maternal mortality are much larger than the increased risk of breast cancer for a nulliparous woman.

References

^ "Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment) | Doctor | Patient UK". Retrieved 2010-01-16.
^ Creinin MD, Simhan HN (March 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?". Obstet Gynecol 113 (3): 709–11. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f. PMID 19300338.
^ Opara EI, Zaidi J (October 2007). "The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey". BJOG 114 (10): 1295–7. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x. PMID 17877683.
^ ^a ^b F. Gary Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2145231

UpToDate Contents

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1. 多経産 grand multiparity
2. 無傷子宮における破裂 rupture of the unscarred uterus
3. 周産期心筋症：治療および予後 peripartum cardiomyopathy treatment and prognosis
4. 分娩時の顔位および額位 face and brow presentations in labor
5. 正常分娩および遷延分娩、分娩停止 overview of normal labor and protraction and arrest disorders

English Journal

Association between parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain.

Paulino DS1, Surita FG1, Peres GB1, Nascimento SL1, Morais SS1.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2016 Mar;29(6):880-4. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1021674. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain (GWG).METHODS: This observational controlled study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014, with postpartum women who started antenatal care up to 14 weeks and had full-term
PMID 25758613

The impact of maternal factors on mortality rates among children under the age of five years in a rural Ugandan population between 2002 and 2012.

Asiki G1,2, Newton R2,3, Marions L4, Seeley J2,5, Kamali A2, Smedman L1.
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992).Acta Paediatr.2016 Feb;105(2):191-9. doi: 10.1111/apa.13252. Epub 2015 Dec 3.
AIM: Accurately estimating child mortality in rural communities in Africa with poor vital registration is a challenge. We aimed to estimate mortality rates and risk factors for children under five years old in rural Uganda.METHODS: Age-specific mortality rates were estimated using the synthetic coho
PMID 26503711

Predictors of uterine evacuation following early medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol.

Reeves MF1, Monmaney JA2, Creinin MD3.
Contraception.Contraception.2016 Feb;93(2):119-25. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.08.010. Epub 2015 Aug 15.
OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine predictors of uterine evacuation for women undergoing medical abortion using mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol through 63 days' gestation.STUDY DESIGN: We pooled data from two prospective multicenter medical abortion trials. In one study, women received mifepris
PMID 26285178

Japanese Journal

Effects of campaign for postpartum vaccination on seronegative rate against rubella among Japanese women

Yamada Takahiro,Mochizuki Junko,Hanaoka Masachi,Hashimoto Eriko,Ohkuchi Akihide,Ito Mika,Kubo Takahiko,Nakai Akihito,Saito Shigeru,Unno Nobuya,Matsubara Shigeki,Minakami Hisanori
BMC infectious Diseases 14, 152, 2014-03-21
… This study was performed to determine whether the seronegative rate was lower in multiparous women than in primiparous women in Japan. … Methods: Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test results during pregnancy were analyzed retrospectively in 11048 primiparous and 9315 multiparous women who gave birth at six hospitals in northern Japan in the 5-year study period (January 2008 through December 2012). …
NAID 120005434504

周産期におけるプロピオン酸菌製剤と乳酸菌発酵副産物の投与が経産牛の乳生産,第一胃発酵及び血液性状に及ぼす影響

生田健太郎,大谷喜永,増子孝則 [他]
兵庫県立農林水産技術総合センター研究報告. 畜産編 (50), 15-22, 2014-03
NAID 40020099013

Analysis of multiparous couples' perceptions of husbands' supportiveness for their wives' satisfaction during pregnancy

Nakajima Kumiko,Sawano Sayaka,Kunikiyo Kyoko [他],Arai Hiroko,Tachiki Kaori,Fukasawa Tomoko,Iwanaga Kikuko,Tokiwa Yoko
北関東医学 63(1), 51-59, 2013-02
… Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two multiparous couples during pregnancy. … The following five categories were identified regarding the husbands' supportiveness during their multiparous wives' pregnancy:［Increased consciousness of parenthood toward the unborn baby];［Empathy regarding wife'sphysical and mental health arising from the previous pregnancy and childbirth , and addition of a new baby]; … [Support with housework to show empathy for the multiparous wife]; …
NAID 120005231534