WordNet

touch with the mouth
the opening of a jar or bottle; "the jar had a wide mouth"
the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge; "he stuffed his mouth with candy" (同)oral_cavity, oral fissure, rima oris
a person conceived as a consumer of food; "he has four mouths to feed"
an opening that resembles a mouth (as of a cave or a gorge); "he rode into the mouth of the canyon"; "they built a fire at the mouth of the cave"
the externally visible part of the oral cavity on the face and the system of organs surrounding the opening; "she wiped lipstick from her mouth"
the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water; "New York is at the mouth of the Hudson"
articulate silently; form words with the lips only; "She mouthed a swear word"
passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; "the boy was disappointed to find only skeletons instead of living breathing dinosaurs"; "the heavy-breathing person on the telephone" (同)eupneic, eupnoeic
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation (同)external_respiration, respiration, ventilation

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人・動物の物を食べたり,音を発する)『口』,口腔 / (口に似た)開口部;(袋・びんなどの)口,(銅穴・峡谷などの)入り口;河口,港口 / …‘を'大げさに口を動かし気どってしゃべる / 〈信じていないこと・理解していないこと〉‘を'口にする / …‘を'口に入れる,かむ,なめる
〈U〉呼吸;一息 / 〈C〉一呼吸の間,瞬時 / 〈C〉休息,休止

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/04 02:52:26」(JST)

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Mouth breathing (also termed open-mouth breathing or mouth breathing habit) is breathing through the mouth rather than the nose.^[1]

Human infants are sometimes considered obligate nasal breathers, but generally speaking healthy humans may breathe through their nose, their mouth, or both. During rest, breathing through the nose is common for most individuals. Breathing through both nose and mouth during exercise is also normal, a behavioral adaptation to increase air intake and hence supply more oxygen to the muscles. Mouth breathing may be called abnormal when an individual breathes through their mouth even during rest. Some sources use the term "mouth breathing habit" but this incorrectly implies that the individual is fully capable of normal nasal breathing, and is breathing through their mouth out of preference. However, in about 85% of cases, mouth breathing represents an involuntary, subconscious adaptation to reduced patency of the nasal airway, and mouth breathing is a requirement simply in order to get enough air. Chronic mouth breathing in children may have implications on dental and facial growth. It also may cause gingivitis (inflamed gums) and halitosis (bad breath), especially upon waking if mouth breathing occurs during sleep.

In some societies, the term "mouth-breather" is sometimes utilized as an insult, intended to imply low intelligence.^[2]

Causes

An antrochoanal polyp, one possible cause of nasal obstruction and adaptive mouth breathing.

Mouth breathing has been classified according to etiology into 3 groups: obstructive, habitual and anatomic.^[3]^:281

The nasal airway may be compromised partially (where there is increased resistance to the flow of air due to narrowing of the lumen at some point in the upper respiratory tract) or completely obstructed. Such individuals may find it difficult or impossible to breathe through their nose alone. In about 85% of cases, mouth breathing is an adaptation to nasal obstruction.^[1] Specific causes of nasal obstruction which have been linked to mouth breathing include antrochoanal polyps.^[4]^:350

"Pregnancy rhinitis" may lead to nasal obstruction and mouth breathing. This tends occur in the third trimester of pregnancy.^[5]^:435

Some individuals breathe through their mouth through force of habit, perhaps due to a previous cause of nasal obstruction that is now corrected.^[3]^:281

In other cases, the upper lip may be short, and the lips do not meet at rest ("lip incompetence").^[3]^:281

Potential effects

Gingivitis,^[5]^:85 gingival enlargement,^[5]^:85 and increased levels of dental plaque^[5]^:108 are common in persons who chronically breathe through their mouth. The usual effect on the gums is sharply confined to the anterior maxillary region, especially the incisors (the upper teeth at the front). The appearance is erythematous (red), edematous (swollen) and shiny. This region receives the greatest exposure to airflow during mouth breathing, and it is thought that the inflammation and irritation is related to surface dehydration, but in animal experimentation, repeated air drying of the gums did not create such an appearance.^[5]^:85

It has been suggested that chronic mouth breathing in children can lead to the development of a long, thin face, sometimes termed "long face syndrome", or specifically "adenoid facies" when the mouth breathing is related to adenoid hypertrophy. Malocclusion of the teeth (e.g. "crowded teeth") are also suggested to result from chronic mouth breathing in children. Conversely, it has been suggested that a long thin face type, with corresponding thin nasopharyngeal airway, predisposes to nasal obstruction and mouthbreathing,.^[1] Facial form is also strongly influenced by genetic factors.

The following other conditions are also associated with mouth breathing: cheilitis glandularis,^[4]^:490 Down syndrome,^[6]^:365 anterior open bite,^[5]^:225 tongue thrusting habit,^[5]^:225 cerebral palsy,^[7]^:422 sleep apnea and snoring.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Rao A (editor) (2012). Principles and Practice of Pedodontics. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. pp. 169, 170. ISBN 9789350258910.
^ Dalzell T, Victor T (editors); Terry Victor (editor) (2008). The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English (8th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 443. ISBN 9780203962114. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Phulari BS (editor) (2011). Orthodontics : principles and practice. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 9789350252420.
^ ^a ^b Barnes L (editor) (2009). Surgical pathology of the head and neck (3rd ed.). New York: Informa healthcare. ISBN 9781420091632.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA (editors) (2012). Carranza's clinical periodontology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0416-7.
^ Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RKC (2011). Oral pathology : clinical pathologic correlations (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455702626.
^ Cawson RA, Odell EW (2008). Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 9780702040016.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における口腔習癖と口腔顔面の発達 oral habits and orofacial development in children
2. 成人における睡眠関連呼吸障害：定義 sleep related breathing disorders in adults definitions
3. シェーグレン症候群における口内乾燥およびその他の非眼結膜炎症状の治療 treatment of dry mouth and other non ocular sicca symptoms in sjogrens syndrome
4. 換気調節 control of ventilation
5. 小児における扁桃摘出およびアデノイド切除：適応および禁忌 tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children indications and contraindications

English Journal

Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance-trained elderly males during incremental exercise.

Chlif M1, Keochkerian D2, Temfemo A2, Choquet D3, Ahmaidi S2.
Respiratory physiology & neurobiology.Respir Physiol Neurobiol.2016 Jul;228:61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.03.008. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
The aim of this study was to compare the inspiratory muscle performance during an incremental exercise of twelve fit old endurance-trained athletes (OT) with that of fit young athletes (YT) and healthy age-matched controls (OC). The tension-time index (TT0.1) was determined according to the equation
PMID 26994757

Diaphragm Recruitment Increases during a Bout of Targeted Inspiratory Muscle Training.

Ramsook AH1, Koo R, Molgat-Seon Y, Dominelli PB, Syed N, Ryerson CJ, Sheel AW, Guenette JA.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2016 Jun;48(6):1179-86. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000881.
PURPOSE: The extent to which the diaphragm is targeted during a bout of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative activation patterns of the diaphragm and extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles during a bout of IMT and to determine wheth
PMID 26795460

Kinematics of mouthbrooding in Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae).

Van Wassenbergh S1, Joris I2, Desclée M2, Liew HJ3, De Boeck G2, Adriaens D4, Aerts P5.
The Journal of experimental biology.J Exp Biol.2016 May 15;219(Pt 10):1535-1541.
Many species from several different families of fishes perform mouthbrooding, where one of the sexes protects and ventilates the eggs inside the mouth cavity. This ventilation behaviour differs from gill ventilation outside the brooding period, as the normal, small-amplitude suction-pump respiration
PMID 27207955

Japanese Journal

A Case of Tetanus Seen on Fiberscopic Examination that Led to Respiratory Arrest

耳鼻咽喉科臨床　補冊 144(0), 118-119, 2015
NAID 130005110225

口腔機能廃用により叢生の発生が疑われた1例

日本障害者歯科学会雑誌 36(2), 130-133, 2015
NAID 130005106212

A randomized clinical trial of salivary substitute as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for management of periodontal inflammation in mouth breathing patients