WordNet

of or relating to or causing constriction of the pupil of the eye; "a miotic drug" (同)myotic
(philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols (同)semiology
a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops increase the outflow of aqueous humor by constricting the pupil
a drug that causes miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye) (同)myotic drug, miotic, myotic
of or relating to semiotics; "semiotic analysis" (同)semiotical

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/10 00:05:52」(JST)

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Miosis (or myosis, from Ancient Greek μύειν, mūein, "to close the eyes") is a term with various definitions, which generally include constriction of the pupil.

The opposite condition, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated than the other.

Definitions

Definitions of miosis include:

Constriction of the pupil that is excessive,^[1] relative to the amount of light the pupil receives
Constriction of the pupil to a diameter of less than two millimeters^{[not in citation given]}^[2]^[3]
Constriction of the pupil with causes including both abnormal and physiological ones.^{[not in citation given]}^[4]
Pupillary constriction by abnormal causes.^{[not in citation given]}^[5]

Physiology of the photomotor reflex

Light entering the eye strikes three different photoreceptors in the retina: the familiar rods and cones used in image forming and the more newly discovered photosensitive ganglion cells. The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.

The retinal photoceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves. Visceromotor nerve axons (which constitute a portion of cranial nerve III, along with the somatomotor portion derived from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons, whose parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis. This occurs because sympathetic activity from the ciliary ganglion is lost thus parasympathetics are not inhibited. Image

Causes

Age

senile miosis (a reduction in the size of a person's pupil in old age)

Diseases

Horner's syndrome
Hemorrhage into pons (intracranial hemorrhage)
Hereditary disorders
Cluster Headaches with ptosis
Iridocyclitis
Fatal familial insomnia

Drugs

Opioids such as fentanyl, morphine, heroin and methadone (the notable exception being demerol/pethidine)
Imidazolines such as clonidine, naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Tetrahydrozoline
Antipsychotics, including risperdal, haloperidol, thorazine, olanzapine, quetiapine and others
Cholinergic agents such as acetylcholine
Some cancer chemotherapy drugs, including camptothecin derivatives
Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA)
Trazodone
Some MAO Inhibitors.
Pilocarpine Eye drops and all other parasympathomimetics
In some rare cases, when exposed to mustard gas.
Organophosphates

References

^ Farlex medical dictionary citing:
- Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition.
- Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed.
^ Seidel, Henry M.; Jane W. Ball; Joyce E. Dains; G. William Benedict (2006-03-29). Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-32-303573-6.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Copyright 2007
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.

External links

FP Notebook
-1254817782 at GPnotebook

UpToDate Contents

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1. 緊張性瞳孔 tonic pupil
2. 光線角膜炎 photokeratitis
3. 小児における外眼筋に影響するミオパチー myopathies affecting the extraocular muscles in children
4. 瞳孔不同患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with anisocoria
5. オピオイド中毒治療中の医師監督下の離脱 medically supervised opioid withdrawal during treatment for addiction

English Journal

Improved Presbyopic Vision With Miotics.

Abdelkader A1.
Eye & contact lens.Eye Contact Lens.2015 Mar 24. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of using a parasympathomimetic drug (carbachol) with an alpha agonist (brimonidine) to create optically beneficial miosis to reduce the effect of presbyopia.METHODS: In this prospective, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 48 naturally em
PMID 25806674

Endoscopic Cycloplasty (ECPL) and Lens Extraction in the Treatment of Severe Plateau Iris Syndrome.

Francis BA1, Pouw A, Jenkins D, Babic K, Vakili G, Tan J, Chopra V, Green RL.
Journal of glaucoma.J Glaucoma.2015 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To describe the anatomic and clinical results of the treatment of severe plateau iris syndrome with lens extraction and endoscopic cycloplasty (ECPL). A secondary aim was to describe 4 novel ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) measurements for plateau iris syndrome.DESIGN: Prospective case serie
PMID 25794042

Airway responsiveness in CD38-deficient mice in allergic airway disease: studies with bone marrow chimeras.

Guedes AG1, Jude JA2, Paulin J3, Rivero-Nava L4, Kita H5, Lund FE6, Kannan MS7.
American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.2015 Mar 1;308(5):L485-93. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00227.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 9.
CD38 is a cell-surface protein involved in calcium signaling and contractility of airway smooth muscle. It has a role in normal airway responsiveness and in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) developed following airway exposure to IL-13 and TNF-α but appears not to be critical to airway inflammation
PMID 25575514

Japanese Journal

適応刺激Biofeedbackを用いた認知症治療システムの基礎研究

福本一朗
バイオフィードバック研究 38(1), 11-18, 2011-04-25
アルツハイマー型認知症は発症原因不明の緩徐進行性中枢神経疾患であり,その根本的治療法は未だ見いだされていない.我々は脳神経可塑仮説に従い,アルツハイマー型認知症患者に対して光刺激・経穴電気刺激・叩打刺激などの末梢神経刺激リハビリを実施して認知症症状の改善をみた.しかし末梢神経刺激のみでは,最も成績の良かった光刺激でも患者の60%は不変,40%のみがHDS-R3点以上上昇(p<0.01)とその …
NAID 110008723110

マダイの品種改良に関する研究

家戸敬太郎
近畿大学水産研究所報告 8, 173-259, 2002-03-25
… 1.マダイ卵と紫外線処理(3,000erg/mm^2)により遺伝的に不活性化したイシダイ(Oplegnathus fasciatus)精子とを媒精後2群に分け, 一方は3分後に1℃で30分間の低温処理を施し第二極体放出阻止型雌性発生二倍体(以下, meiotic-G2Nと略記)を, もう一方には46分後に700kg/cm^2の高水圧処理を5分30秒間行い第一卵割阻止型雌性発生二倍体(以下, miotic-G2Nと略記)をそれぞれ作出した。 …
NAID 110000224189

対フラッシュ光縮瞳反射を用いた新しいアルツハイマー型痴呆簡易検査システム

史学敏,郭怡,福島省吾 [他],内山尚志,福本一朗
医用電子と生体工学 : 日本ME学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of medical electronics and biological engineering : JJME 39(2), 102-108, 2001-06-10
NAID 10010348131