WordNet

(philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols (同)semiology
of or relating to or causing constriction of the pupil of the eye; "a miotic drug" (同)myotic

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/14 12:22:11」(JST)

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Miosis (or myosis, from Ancient Greek μύειν, mūein, "to close the eyes") is a term with various definitions, which generally include constriction of the pupil.

The opposite condition, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated than the other.

Definitions

Definitions of miosis include:

Constriction of the pupil that is excessive,^[1] relative to the amount of light the pupil receives
Constriction of the pupil to a diameter of less than two millimeters^{[not in citation given]}^[2]^[3]
Constriction of the pupil with causes including both abnormal and physiological ones.^{[not in citation given]}^[4]
Pupillary constriction by abnormal causes.^{[not in citation given]}^[5]

Physiology of the photomotor reflex

Light entering the eye strikes three different photoreceptors in the retina: the familiar rods and cones used in image forming and the more newly discovered photosensitive ganglion cells. The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.

The retinal photoceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves. Visceromotor nerve axons (which constitute a portion of cranial nerve III, along with the somatomotor portion derived from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus) synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons, whose parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis. This occurs because sympathetic activity from the ciliary ganglion is lost thus parasympathetics are not inhibited. Image

Causes

Age

senile miosis (a reduction in the size of a person's pupil in old age)

Diseases

Horner's syndrome
Hemorrhage into pons (intracranial hemorrhage)
Hereditary disorders
Cluster Headaches with ptosis
Iridocyclitis
Fatal familial insomnia

Drugs

Opioids such as fentanyl, morphine, heroin and methadone (the notable exception being demerol/pethidine)
Antipsychotics, including risperdal, haloperidol, thorazine, olanzapine, quetiapine and others
Cholinergic agents such as acetylcholine
Some cancer chemotherapy drugs, including camptothecin derivatives
Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA)
Trazodone
Some MAO Inhibitors.
Pilocarpine Eye drops and all other parasympathomimetics
In some rare cases, when exposed to mustard gas.
Organophosphates

References

^ Farlex medical dictionary citing:
- Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition.
- Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed.
^ Seidel, Henry M.; Jane W. Ball; Joyce E. Dains; G. William Benedict (2006-03-29). Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-32-303573-6.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition.
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Copyright 2007
^ Farlex medical dictionary citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.

External links

FP Notebook
-1254817782 at GPnotebook

UpToDate Contents

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1. 原発性乳児緑内障 primary infantile glaucoma

English Journal

Response to 'Role of miotics and cycloplegics in angle closure'.

Rajamani M1, Kawali A1, Vijayalakshmi P1, Puthuran GV1.
Eye (London, England).Eye (Lond).2015 Nov;29(11):1515-6. doi: 10.1038/eye.2015.123. Epub 2015 Jul 10.
PMID 26160533

Role of miotics and cycloplegics in angle closure.

Gupta D1.
Eye (London, England).Eye (Lond).2015 Nov;29(11):1515. doi: 10.1038/eye.2015.122. Epub 2015 Jul 10.
PMID 26160530

A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blinded Study of Physostigmine to Prevent Sedation-Induced Ventilatory Arrhythmias.

Karan SB1, Rackovsky E, Voter WA, Kanel JA, Farris N, Jensen J, Liu L, Ward DS.
Anesthesia and analgesia.Anesth Analg.2015 Sep;121(3):652-60. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000834.
BACKGROUND: Physostigmine, a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is most commonly used by anesthesiologists in the postanesthetic setting to reverse confusion caused by central anticholinergic medication effects. It has also been proposed as a treatment for sleep-disordered breathing. W
PMID 26200465

Japanese Journal

散瞳剤, 縮瞳剤点眼後の家兎眼窩内動脈の血流動態

山田利津子,朝倉志保,木村千世子,上野聰樹,山田誠一
Journal of medical ultrasonics = 超音波医学 26(4), 662, 1999-04-15
NAID 10013820974

A DUAL ACTION OF MUSCARINIC PARTIAL AGONISTS ON PUPIL SIZE OF RABBIT

TERASHIMA ETSUKO,TAKAYANAGI ISSEI,OHASHI MITSUO
Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics 5(12), 1024-1026, 1982-12
… Both partial agonists behaved as mydriatics in a constricted pupil and as miotics in a dilated pupil. …
NAID 110003636268