medical education

• 医学教育

WordNet

1. the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; "he received no formal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"; "good classroom teaching is seldom rewarded" (同)instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
2. the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior); "a woman of breeding and refinement" (同)training, breeding
3. the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
4. knowledge acquired by learning and instruction; "it was clear that he had a very broad education"
5. the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; "education is a preparation for life"; "a girls education was less important than a boys"
6. requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery; "medical treatment"; "pneumonia is a medical disease"
7. relating to the study or practice of medicine; "the medical profession"; "a medical student"; "medical school"
8. any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves (同)medick, trefoil

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (一般に)『教育』 / (身につけた)教育,教養,知識 / 教育学,教授法
2. 『医学の』,医術の;医者の / 内科の;内科治療を要する / 診察
3. 医学生,インターン / 医学関係者;《特に米》衛生兵,看護兵

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/22 18:49:14」(JST)

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Medical student at a laboratory at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.

Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner; either the initial training to become a physician (i.e., medical school and internship), additional training thereafter (e.g., residency and fellowship), or training to become a Physician Assistant. Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been utilised in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.

Entry-level education

Main article: Medical school

Faculty of Medicine (Comenius University in Bratislava) Slovakia

Entry-level medical education programs are tertiary-level courses undertaken at a medical school. Depending on jurisdiction and university, these may be either undergraduate-entry (most of Europe, India, China), or graduate-entry programs (mainly Australia, Canada, United States).

In general, initial training is taken at medical school. Traditionally initial medical education is divided between preclinical and clinical studies. The former consists of the basic sciences such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology. The latter consists of teaching in the various areas of clinical medicine such as internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and surgery. However, medical programs are using systems-based curricula in which learning is integrated, and several institutions do this. In the United States, until quite recently, the requirements for the M.D. degree did not include even one course in human nutrition. Today, this omission has been rectified, at least to the extent that one such course is required.

There has been a proliferation of programmes that combine medical training with research (D.O./Ph.D. or M.D./Ph.D.) or management programmes (D.O./MBA or M.D./ MBA), although this has been criticised because extended interruption to clinical study has been shown to have a detrimental effect on ultimate clinical knowledge.

Postgraduate education

Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated doctors are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted; this is most often of one-year duration and may be referred to as "internship" or "provisional registration" or "residency".

Further training in a particular field of medicine may be undertaken. In some jurisdictions, this is commenced immediately following completion of entry-level training, while other jurisdictions require junior doctors to undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing specialisation.

Education theory itself is increasingly becoming an integral part of postgraduate medical training. Formal qualifications in education are becoming the norm for Medical School educators, who are becoming increasingly accountable for their students.

Continuing medical education

In most countries, continuing medical education (CME) courses are required for continued licensing. CME requirements vary by state and by country. In the USA, accreditation is overseen by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME). Physicians often attend dedicated lectures, grand rounds, conferences, and performance improvement activities in order to fulfill their requirements.

Online learning

It is becoming more and more common for medical education around the world to be supported by online teaching, usually within learning management systems (LMSs) or virtual learning environments (VLEs).

Research areas into online medical education include practical applications with virtual patients and virtual medical records.

• Dental Anatomy Software
• Virtual Dental Patients

Virtual Dental Patients is a combination of systems and methods that read digital medical records and create three-dimensional image simulations. This computerized method provides an accurate representation of the surface anatomy of hard and soft tissues, tooth contacts, and motion of the patient’s jaw while the teeth are in contact. Virtual Dental Patients provide valuable information in the diagnosis, prognosis, and outcome assessment of the patient’s dental health. This invention represents a paradigm shift in clinical measurement for dentistry.

Example of medical education systems

At present, in the United Kingdom, a typical medicine course at university is 5 years or 4 years if the student already holds a degree. Among some institutions and for some students, it may be 6 years (including the selection of an intercalated BSc—taking one year—at some point after the pre-clinical studies). All programs culminate in the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree (abbreviated MBChB, MBBS, MBBCh, BM, etc.). This is followed by 2 clinical foundation years afterward, namely F1 and F2, similar to internship training. Students register with the UK General Medical Council at the end of F1. At the end of F2, they may pursue further years of study. The system in Australia is very similar, with registration by the Australian Medical Council (AMC).

In the US and Canada, a potential medical student must first complete an undergraduate degree in any subject before applying to a graduate medical school to pursue an (M.D. or D.O.) program. U.S. medical schools are almost all four-year programs. Some students opt for the research-focused D.O./Ph.D. or M.D./Ph.D. dual degree program, which is usually completed in 7–10 years. There are certain courses that are pre-requisite for being accepted to medical school, such as general chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, English, labwork, etc. The specific requirements vary by school.

In Australia, there are two pathways to a medical degree. Students can choose to take a five- or six-year undergraduate medical degree Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or BMed) as a first tertiary degree directly after secondary school graduation, or first complete a bachelors degree (in general three years, usually in the medical sciences) and then apply for a four-year graduate entry Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program.

See:

• Medical education in Australia
• Medical education in Canada
• Medical education in China
• Medical education in Hong Kong
• Medical education in India
• Medical education in Jordan
• Medical education in Panama
• Medical education in the Philippines
• Medical education in South Africa
• Medical education in Uganda
• Medical education in the United Kingdom
• Medical education in the United States

Medical Education Journals

As the field of medical education grows, it is being supported by a wide range of journals, both Open Access and Subscription, devoted exclusively to medical education. These include (in alphabetical order):

• Academic Medicine (Subscription)
• Advances in Health Sciences Education (Subscription)
• BMC Medical Education (Open Access)
• International Journal of Medical Education (Open Access)
• Internet Journal of Medical Education (Open Access)
• JK Science Journal of Medical Education & Research (Open Access)
• Journal of Medical Education (Open Access)
• Medical Education (Subscription)
• Medical Education Online (Open Access)
• Medical Teacher (Subscription)
• Open Medical Education Journal (Open Access)
• Teaching and Learning in Medicine (Subscription)
• Gulf Medical Journal (GMJ) is the online journal of Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

An exhaustive list of peer-reviewed medical education journals can be found at:

• Medical Journals Links - Medical Education page

See also

• Doctors to Be (an occasional series on BBC television)
• List of medical education agencies
• List of medical schools
• Objective Structured Clinical Examination
• Progress testing
• Validation of foreign studies and degrees
• Virtual Patients

References

External links

• electronic Medicines Compendium - an up to date database of Summary of product characteristics (SPCs) and Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) for UK licensed medicines
• Inside PA Training - the Journal of Physician Assistant Education and Careers
• Medicine Guides - an online medicines information resource for patients and the general public in the UK
• Meducation.net -The medical education network sharing thousands of medical resources

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 安全科学を通じた有害な産科転帰の削減 reducing adverse obstetrical outcomes through safety sciences
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English Journal

• Rapid test for influenza in diagnostics.

• Jackowska T, Grzelczyk-Wielgorska M, Pawlik K.SourceDepartment of Pediatrics, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Marymoncka 99/103 St, Warsaw, 01-813, Poland, tjackowska@cmkp.edu.pl.
• Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2013;756:263-9.
• In Poland no vaccines against influenza type A/H1N1 were available in the epidemic season 2009/2010. In our Department within 45 days (November-December 2009) 17 influenza suspected children (24%) were positive for influenza type A (QiuckVue Influenza A + B rapid tests). Of these 17 children, seven
• PMID 22836644

• Cardiovascular Effects of the Valsalva Maneuver During Static Arm Exercise in Elite Power Lifting Athletes.

• Zebrowska A, Gasior Z, Jastrzebski D.SourceDepartment of Physiology and Medical Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 72A, Mikolowska St., 40-065, Katowice, Poland, olazebrowska@yahoo.com.
• Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2013;755:335-342.
• The objective of the study was to investigate whether a blood pressure increase during static exercises might affect the left ventricular function and whether a possible pressure overload might decrease cardio-respiratory adaptation to aerobic exercise in power lifting athletes. Nine resistance-trai
• PMID 22826084

Japanese Journal

• 医学教育における症例報告の意義

• 千葉医学雑誌 = Chiba medical
• NAID 40021119126

• 医療的ケア(喀痰吸引)教育における吸引以外の排痰ケアの有効性について : 排痰ケア「体位ドレナージ」の演習を通して

• 静岡福祉大学紀要 (13), 77-82, 2017-02
• NAID 40021111392

• 国立病院機構および国立高度専門医療研究センターにおける肝臓病教室についての検討

• 医療 = Japanese journal of National Medical
• NAID 40021107972

Related Links

• Medical Education - Journal Information

Medical Education: journal information, contents lists and abstracts on the Wiley- Blackwell website.

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「medical」「education」

「medical」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 医学の、医科の、医薬の、医学的な、メディカルな、医療用の、医用の、医学上の

関

biomedical、iatrology、med、medical department、medical science、medically、medicine

　 　 　

「education」

　　[★]

• n.

• 教育

関

educate、educational、teach、teaching、workshop