WordNet

the condition of being exposed to radiation
(Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus
(physiology) the spread of sensory neural impulses in the cortex
the apparent enlargement of a bright object when viewed against a dark background
the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (同)radioactivity
energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
the act of spreading outward from a central source
a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
send out rays or waves; "The sun radiates heat"
send out real or metaphoric rays; "She radiates happiness"
extend or spread outward from a center or focus or inward towards a center; "spokes radiate from the hub of the wheel"; "This plants radiate spines in all directions" (同)ray
cause to be seen by emitting light as if in rays; "The sun is radiating"
having rays or ray-like parts as in the flower heads of daisies
issue or emerge in rays or waves; "Heat radiated from the metal box"
expose to radiation; "irradiate food" (同)ray
cast rays of light upon
add embellishments and paintings to (medieval manuscripts)
the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays)

PrepTutorEJDIC

照らす(照らされる)こと;発光 / (知的)啓発,開明 / 放射線治療
〈U〉(光・熱・放射能などの)発散,放射 / 〈C〉放射物;放射線;輻射(ふくしゃ)熱 / 〈C〉(喜び・幸福感などの)発散《+『of』+『名』》 / =radioactivity
〈太陽などが〉『光(熱)を放つ』,輝く / (…から)〈光・熱などが〉『放射する』,輻射する《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈道路などが〉(…から)放射状に広がる《+『out from』+『名』》 / 〈光・熱など〉‘を'放射する,発する / 〈喜び・愛など〉‘を'発散させる,表に出す
〈光・灯火などが〉…‘を'照らす;〈喜びなどが〉〈顔など〉‘を'明るくする;〈問題など〉‘に'光を投げる / …‘に'放射線を当てる;…‘を'放射線で治療する / 〈光・熱・輝きなど〉‘を'放射する;〈愛情・祝福など〉‘を'そそぐ
…‘を'『照らす』,照明する,明るくする / …‘を'『照明で飾る』 / …‘を'明らかにする,解明する / 〈ページ・写本など〉‘を'色模様(飾り字)で飾る
砲撃,爆撃

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/11 23:40:21」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infra-red, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and TV receivers and power supplies.

Applications

Sterilization

If administered at appropriate levels, all forms of ionizing radiation can be used to sterilize objects after use, produce medical instruments and disposables such as syringes, and disinfect and sterilize food. Small doses of ionizing radiation (electron beam processing, X-rays and gamma rays)^[1] may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood.^{[citation needed]} Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance.^[2]

Medicine

Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging, cancer therapy and blood transfusion. ^[3]

In 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel theranostic technique involving co-treatment with heptamethine dyes to elucidate tumor cells and attenuate their growth with minimal side effects.^[4]^[5]

Ion implantation

Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurities atoms into materials, especially semiconductors, to modify their properties. This process, usually known as ion implantation, is an important step in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits.

Ion irradiation

Ion irradiation means in general using particle accelerators to shoot energetic ions on a material. Ion implantation is a variety of ion irradiation, as is swift heavy ions irradiation from particle accelerators induces ion tracks that can be used for nanotechnology.

Industrial chemistry

Irradiation can be used to cross-link plastics or to the improve material qualities of semi-precious stones. Due to its efficiency, electron beam processing is often used in the irradiation treatment of polymer-based products to improve their mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, and often to add unique properties. Cross-linked polyethylene pipe (PEX), high-temperature products such as tubing and gaskets, wire and cable jacket curing, curing of composite materials, and crosslinking of tires are a few examples.

Security

During the 2001 anthrax attacks, the US Postal Service irradiated mail to protect members of the US government and other possible targets. This was of some concern to people who send digital media through the mail, including artists. According to the ART in Embassies program, "incoming mail is irradiated, and the process destroys slides, transparencies and disks."^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at the University of Missouri, irradiation of seed and plant germplasm has resulted in creating many of the most widely grown strains of food crops worldwide.^{[citation needed]} The process, which consists of striking plant seeds or germplasm with radiation in the form of X-rays, UV waves, heavy-ion beams, or gamma rays, essentially "mixes" the genes already existing in the genome^{[citation needed]}. The UN has been an active participant through the International Atomic Energy Agency^{[citation needed]}. Irradiation is also employed to prevent the sprouting of certain cereals, onions, potatoes and garlic.^[6] Appropriate irradiation doses are also used to produce insects for use in the sterile insect technique of pest control.^[7]

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) recognizes irradiation as an important technology to protect consumers. Fresh meat and poultry including whole or cut up birds, skinless poultry, pork chops, roasts, stew meat, liver, hamburgers, ground meat, and ground poultry are approved for irradiation.^[8]

Assassination

Some claim that Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who died of lung cancer in Bucharest on March 19, 1965, was intentionally irradiated during a visit to Moscow, due to his political stance.^[9]

In 1999, an article in Der Spiegel alleged that the East German MfS intentionally irradiated political prisoners with high-dose radiation, possibly to provoke cancer.^[10]^[11]

Alexander Litvinenko, a secret serviceman who was tackling organized crime in Russia, was intentionally poisoned with Po-210; the very large internal doses of radiation he received was the cause of his death.

References

^ "Food Standards Agency - Irradiated food". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^ "Spinach and Peanuts, With a Dash of Radiation" article by Andrew Marin in The New York Times February 1, 2009
^ "Information for patients needing irradiated blood" by National Blood Service
^ Tan X, Luo S, Wang D, et al. A NIR heptamethine Dye with intrinsic cancer targeting, imaging and photosynthesizing properties. Journal of Biomaterials China. 33-7 (2011), pp. 2230-2239.
^ F. Pene, E. Courtine, A. Cariou, J.P. Mira. Toward theranostics. Crit Care Med, 37 (2009), pp. S50–S58
^ Bly, J.H. "Electron Beam Processing", Yardley, PA: International Information Associates, 1988.
^ International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plus the International Atomic Energy Agency.
^ Irradiation and Food Safety, U.S. Drug and Food Administration. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2010.
^ "TFP > Alexander Litvinenko Assassination". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ STASI: In Kopfhöhe ausgerichtet. Article by Peter Wensierski in Der Spiegel 20/1999, May 17, 1999
^ Tödliche Strahlung. Die Staatssicherheit der DDR steht im Verdacht, Regimegegner radioaktiv verseucht zu haben. Article by Paul Leonhard in Junge Freiheit April 14, 2000

External links

Industrial, Medical & Educational Uses of Radiation
Safety and Health Topics: Radiation
Radiation Protection- US EPA
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
North American Seed Bank (NASB)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 非転移性新規乳癌に対する放射線治療の手技 radiation therapy techniques for newly diagnosed non metastatic breast cancer
2. 成人における放射線障害の治療 treatment of radiation injury in the adult
3. 幼児および小児における赤血球輸血：血液製剤の選択 red cell transfusion in infants and children selection of blood products
4. がん治療における放射線治療手技 radiation therapy techniques in cancer treatment
5. 髄芽腫の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma

English Journal

An exploratory study of volumetric analysis for assessing tumor response with (18)F-FAZA PET/CT in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Kerner GS1, Bollineni VR2, Hiltermann TJ3, Sijtsema NM2, Fischer A4, Bongaerts AH5, Pruim J5,6, Groen HJ3.
EJNMMI research.EJNMMI Res.2016 Dec;6(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s13550-016-0187-6. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
BACKGROUND: Hypoxia is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and is randomly distributed within malignancies. Characterization of changes in intratumoral hypoxic regions is possible with specially developed PET tracers such as (18)F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside ((18)F-FAZA) while
PMID 27090118

'No ordinary meeting': Robert McWhirter and the decline of radical mastectomy.

Newmark JJ1.
The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2016 Dec;46(1):43-8. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2016.110.
On 7 January 1948, a meeting was held at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Its purpose was to settle a controversy. Robert McWhirter, an Edinburgh-based radiotherapist, had been invited to defend the scandalous position advocated by Geoffrey Keynes ten years previously: that radical mastectom
PMID 27092369

The Edinburgh Malawi Cancer Partnership: helping to establish multidisciplinary cancer care in Blantyre, Malawi.

Brown E1, Gorman D, Knowles G, Taylor F, Jere Y, Bates J, Masamba L.
The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2016 Dec;46(1):14-7. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2016.104.
In response to the growing incidence of cancer in Malawi, a new oncology unit was established at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre. The unit opened in 2010, the first in the country, and is led by a single consultant oncologist. In 2012, a healthcare partnership was formed between the o
PMID 27092363

ZnO@CdS Core-Shell Heterostructures: Fabrication, Enhanced Photocatalytic, and Photoelectrochemical Performance.

Ding M1, Yao N1, Wang C1, Huang J1, Shao M1, Zhang S1, Li P1, Deng X2, Xu X3.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1432-7. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
ZnO nanorods and ZnO@CdS heterostructures have been fabricated on carbon fiber cloth substrates via hydrothermal and electrochemical deposition. Their photocatalytic properties were investigated by measuring the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. The result illustrate
PMID 27090656

Japanese Journal

Analytical model of dynamic secondary electron emission of insulators under electron irradiation

Cao Meng,Hu Tian-Cun,Weng Ming,Cui Wan-Zhao
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(9), 095701, 2015-07-29
… We developed an analytical model of dynamic secondary electron (SE) emission of an insulator under electron irradiation. … An equivalent circuit is presented and the time constant and its dependence on both irradiation conditions and material properties are discussed. …
NAID 150000111225

Light stability tests of methylammonium and formamidinium Pb-halide perovskites for solar cell applications

Murugadoss Govindhasamy,Tanaka Soichiro,Mizuta Gai,Kanaya Shusaku,Nishino Hitoshi,Umeyama Tomokazu,Imahori Hiroshi,Ito Seigo
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S1), 08KF08, 2015-07-28
… After irradiation, the films were characterized by UV–vis absorption and X-ray diffraction measurements. … In addition, photovoltaic performance characteristics in air were studied using different perovskites before (0 h) and after 24 h irradiation. …
NAID 150000111065

Difference in etching between Si(111) and (001) surfaces induced by atomic hydrogen irradiation observed by noncontact atomic force microscopy

Miyagi Tomoaki,Sasahara Akira,Tomitori Masahiko
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8S2), 08LB08, 2015-07-24
… The surfaces of Si(001) and Si(111) treated in a hydrogen fluoride solution were observed by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) under successive irradiation with atomic H generated using a hot W filament as a H<inf>2</inf>cracker. … The observation and irradiation were repeated in a vacuum chamber equipped with an nc-AFM system and the cracker. … We found that etch pits formed on the (001) surface with increasing atomic H irradiation time, but not on the (111) surface. …
NAID 150000111081

Detection of reactive oxygen species supplied into the water bottom by atmospheric non-thermal plasma jet using iodine-starch reaction

Kawasaki Toshiyuki,Eto Wataru,Hamada Masaki,Wakabayashi Yasutaka,Abe Yasufumi,Kihara Keisuke
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(8), 086201, 2015-07-07
… The ROS concentration at the bottom significantly depended on irradiation distance and water layer thickness. …
NAID 150000111157