WordNet

breaking up and scattering by dispersion; "the dissipation of the mist"
the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (同)radioactivity
energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
the act of spreading outward from a central source
a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
send out rays or waves; "The sun radiates heat"
send out real or metaphoric rays; "She radiates happiness"
extend or spread outward from a center or focus or inward towards a center; "spokes radiate from the hub of the wheel"; "This plants radiate spines in all directions" (同)ray
cause to be seen by emitting light as if in rays; "The sun is radiating"
having rays or ray-like parts as in the flower heads of daisies
issue or emerge in rays or waves; "Heat radiated from the metal box"
live a life of pleasure, especially with respect to alcoholic consumption

PrepTutorEJDIC

(霧・心配などの)消失,消散 / 浪費,むだ使い / 気晴らし;放蕩(ほうとう)
〈U〉(光・熱・放射能などの)発散,放射 / 〈C〉放射物;放射線;輻射(ふくしゃ)熱 / 〈C〉(喜び・幸福感などの)発散《+『of』+『名』》 / =radioactivity
〈太陽などが〉『光(熱)を放つ』,輝く / (…から)〈光・熱などが〉『放射する』,輻射する《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈道路などが〉(…から)放射状に広がる《+『out from』+『名』》 / 〈光・熱など〉‘を'放射する,発する / 〈喜び・愛など〉‘を'発散させる,表に出す
〈軍勢・霧・雲など〉‘を'散らす / 〈心配・恐怖など〉‘を'消し去る,晴らす / 〈金・精力など〉‘を'浪費する / 〈軍勢・霧・心配などが〉消散(消失)する,消える / 放蕩(ほうとう)する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/15 14:14:37」(JST)

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Dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that takes place in inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems. A dissipative process is a process in which energy (internal, bulk flow kinetic, or system potential) is transformed from some initial form to some final form; the capacity of the final form to do mechanical work is less than that of the initial form. For example, heat transfer is dissipative because it is a transfer of internal energy from a hotter body to a colder one. Following the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy varies with temperature (reduces the capacity of the combination of the two bodies to do mechanical work), but never decreases in an isolated system.

These processes produce entropy (see entropy production) at a certain rate. The entropy production rate times ambient temperature gives the dissipated power. Important examples of irreversible processes are: heat flow through a thermal resistance, fluid flow through a flow resistance, diffusion (mixing), chemical reactions, and electrical current flow through an electrical resistance (Joule heating).

Definition

Thermodynamic dissipative processes are essentially irreversible. They produce entropy at a finite rate. In a process in which the temperature is locally continuously defined, the local density of rate of entropy production times local temperature gives the local density of dissipated power.

A particular occasion of occurrence of a dissipative process cannot be described by a single individual Hamiltonian formalism. A dissipative process requires a collection of admissible individual Hamiltonian descriptions, exactly which one describes the actual particular occurrence of the process of interest being unknown. This includes friction, and all similar forces that result in decoherency of energy—that is, conversion of coherent or directed energy flow into an indirected or more isotropic distribution of energy.

Energy

"The conversion of mechanical energy into heat is called energy dissipation." – François Roddier^[1]

Physics

In computational physics, numerical dissipation (also known as "numerical diffusion") refers to certain side-effects that may occur as a result of a numerical solution to a differential equation. When the pure advection equation, which is free of dissipation, is solved by a numerical approximation method, the energy of the initial wave may be reduced in a way analogous to a diffusional process. Such a method is said to contain 'dissipation'. In some cases, "artificial dissipation" is intentionally added to improve the numerical stability characteristics of the solution.^[2]

Mathematics

A formal, mathematical definition of dissipation, as commonly used in the mathematical study of measure-preserving dynamical systems, is given in the article wandering set.

Examples

In water engineering

Dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward-flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream beds to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic energy.

Irreversible processes

Important examples of irreversible processes are:

Heat flow through a thermal resistance
Fluid flow through a flow resistance
Diffusion (mixing)
Chemical reactions^[3]^[4]
Electrical current flow through an electrical resistance (Joule heating).

Waves or oscillations

Waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically from friction or turbulence. In many cases the "lost" energy raises the temperature of the system. For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The precise nature of the effects depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.

History

The concept of dissipation was introduced in the field of thermodynamics by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1852.^[5] Lord Kelvin deduced that a subset of the above-mentioned irreversible dissaptive processes will occur unless a process is governed by a "perfect thermodynamic engine". The processes that Lord Kelvin identified were friction, diffusion, conduction of heat and the absorption of light.

References

^ Degrowth and The Laws Of Thermodynamcis
^ Thomas, J.W. Numerical Partial Differential Equation: Finite Difference Methods. Springer-Verlag. New York. (1995)
^ Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability, and Fluctuations, Wiley-Interscience, London, 1971, ISBN 0-471-30280-5, p. 61.
^ Eu, B.C. (1998). Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Ensemble Method, Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, ISBN0-7923-4980-6, p. 49,
^ W. Thomson On the universal tendency in nature to the dissipation of mechanical energy Philosophical Magazine, Ser. 4, p. 304 (1852).

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Relative size of numerical magnitude induces a size-contrast effect on the grip scaling of reach-to-grasp movements.

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