イオンポンプ、イオン輸送体

WordNet

vacuum pump used to obtain a high vacuum (同)diffusion_pump
supply in great quantities; "Pump money into a project"
a low-cut shoe without fastenings
a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction
deliver forth; "pump bullets into the dummy"
draw or pour with a pump
flow intermittently
move up and down; "The athlete pumps weights in the gym"
operate like a pump; move up and down, like a handle or a pedal; "pump the gas pedal"
question persistently; "She pumped the witnesses for information"
raise (gases or fluids) with a pump
a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons

PrepTutorEJDIC

『ポンプ』 / 《単数形で》ポンプで空気(ガス)を入れること / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈気体・液体〉‘を'『ポンプで入れる』(『出す』) / …‘から'ポンプで水(など)を除く《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / …‘に'ポンプで空気(など)を満たす《+『up』+『名』,+『名』+『up』》 / (ポンプのハンドルのように)…‘を'上下(前後)に動かす / 《話》(…について)〈人〉‘を'あの手この手で問いただす(聞き出す)《+『名』+『for』(『about』)+『名』》 / 《話》(人に)〈知識など〉‘を'詰め込む《+『名』+『into』+『名』〈人〉》;(人から)〈情報など〉‘を'引き出す《+『名』+『out of』+『名』〈人〉》 / ポンプを使う / (ポンプのように)上下に動く,鼓動する / 〈水が〉噴出する
パンプス(ひもや金具がなく,甲のあいた靴)
イオン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/21 13:13:57」(JST)

wiki en

"Ion pump" redirects here. For a protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane, see Ion transporter. An ion pump is not to be confused with an ionic liquid piston pump or an ionic liquid ring vacuum pump.

An ion pump (also referred to as a sputter ion pump) is a type of vacuum pump capable of reaching pressures as low as 10⁻¹¹ mbar under ideal conditions.^[1] An ion pump ionizes gas within the vessel it is attached to and employs a strong electrical potential, typically 3—7 kV, which allows the ions to accelerate into and be captured by a solid electrode and its residue.

Penning trap

The basic element of the common ion pump is a Penning trap.^[2] A swirling cloud of electrons produced by an electric discharge is temporarily stored in the anode region of a Penning trap. These electrons ionize incoming gas atoms and molecules. The resultant swirling ions are accelerated to strike a chemically active cathode (usually titanium).^[3] On impact the accelerated ions will either become buried within the cathode or sputter cathode material onto the walls of the pump. The freshly sputtered chemically active cathode material acts as a getter that then evacuates the gas by both chemisorption and physisorption resulting in a net pumping action. Inert and lighter gases, such as He and H₂ tend not to sputter and are absorbed by physisorption. Some fraction of the energetic gas ions (including gas that is not chemically active with the cathode material) can strike the cathode and acquire an electron from the surface, neutralizing it as it rebounds. These rebounding energetic neutrals are buried in exposed pump surfaces.^[4]

Both the pumping rate and capacity of such capture methods are dependent on the specific gas species being collected and the cathode material absorbing it. Some species, such as carbon monoxide, will chemically bind to the surface of a cathode material. Others, such as hydrogen, will diffuse into the metallic structure. In the former example, the pump rate can drop as the cathode material becomes coated. In the latter, the rate remains fixed by the rate at which the hydrogen diffuses.

Types

There are three main types of ion pumps: the conventional or standard diode pump, the noble diode pump and the triode pump.^[5]

Standard diode pump

A standard diode pump is a type of ion pump employed in high vacuum processes which contains only chemically active cathodes, in contrast to noble diode pumps.^[6]

Noble diode pump

A noble diode pump is a type of ion pump used in high-vacuum applications that employs both a chemically reactive cathode, such as titanium, and an additional cathode composed of tantalum. The tantalum cathode serves as a high-inertia crystal lattice structure for the reflection and burial of neutrals, increasing pumping effectiveness of inert gas ions.^[7] Pumping intermittently high quantities of hydrogen with noble diodes should be done with great care, as hydrogen might over months get re-emitted out of the tantalum.

Applications

Ion pumps are commonly used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems, as they can attain ultimate pressures less than 10⁻¹¹ mbar.^[1] In contrast to other common UHV pumps, such as turbomolecular pumps and diffusion pumps, ion pumps have no moving parts and use no oil. They are therefore clean, need little maintenance, and produce no vibrations. These advantages make ion pumps well-suited for use in scanning probe microscopy and other high-precision apparatuses.

Radicals

Recent work has suggested that free radicals escaping from ion pumps can influence the results of some experiments.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b "Ion Pumps" (PDF). Varian, Inc. ^{[dead link]}
^ Cambers, A., "Modern Vacuum Physics", CRC Press (2005)
^ Weissler, G.L. and Carlson, R.W., editors, "Methods of Experimental Physics; Vacuum Physics and Technology", Vol. 14, Academic Press Inc., London (1979)
^ Moore, J.H.; Davis, C. C.; Coplan, M.A.; Greer, S. (2003). Building Scientific Apparatus. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4006-3.
^ The pumping of helium and hydrogen by sputter- ion pumps part II
^ http://www.agsrhichome.bnl.gov/RHIC/RAP/rhic_notes/AD-RHIC-1-142/AD-RHIC-125.pdf
^ The pumping of helium and hydrogen by sputter-ion pumps
^ J. Zikovsky, S. A. Dogel, A. J. Dickie, J. L. Pitters, R. A. Wolkow (2009). "Reaction of a hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surface in UHV with ion-pump generated radicals". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A 27 (2): 248. doi:10.1116/1.3071944.

Sources

Hablanian, Marsbed. "Gettering and Ion Pumping". High-Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide (ISBN 082478197X). ^{[dead link]}
"Sputter Ion Pumps" (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute.

External links

An Introduction to Ion Pumps

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Modeling of photocurrent kinetics upon pulsed photoexcitation of photosynthetic proteins: A case of bacteriorhodopsin.

Kuo CL1, Chu LK2.
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The proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin in an aqueous solution at varied pH upon pulsed excitation was monitored using a solution-based electrochemical module. The photocurrent action spectrum agreed with the absorption contour at 495-645nm. Diminishing the photocurrent amplitude by adding a protonopho
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Calcium signalling and calcium channels: Evolution and general principles.

Verkhratsky A1, Parpura V2.
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Redox regulation of ion channels.

Bogeski I1, Niemeyer BA.
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Abstract Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are often by-products of biochemical reactions, but are increasingly recognized as important second messengers involved in regulation of distinct cellular functions. Mild and reversible oxidation of certain amino acids within p
PMID 24930772

Japanese Journal

Development of Non-proximate Probe Electrospray Ionization for Real-Time Analysis of Living Animal

, , , , ,
Mass Spectrometry 3(Special_Issue_3), S0048-S0048, 2015
… Although this technique does not require a tedious sample pretreatment process, it was not possible for our previously reported setup to be applied to cases involving the direct sampling of tissues from living animal and large animal subjects, because there would not be enough room to accommodate the larger bodies juxtaposed to the ion inlet. …
NAID 130004972836

Na+ Transport by a Sodium Ion Pump Rhodopsin is Resistant to Environmental Change: A Comparison of the Photocycles of the Na+ and Li+ Transport Processes

, ,
Chemistry Letters 44(3), 294-296, 2015
… Krokinobacter rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a light-driven sodium ion pump. … This seems contradictory, because the rate of the photocycle determines the turnover speed of the pump. … This is consistent with the comparable Na+ and Li+ pump efficiencies, and KR2 has a faster turnover of Na+ pump, which is resistant to environmental change. …
NAID 130004868387

Na+ Transport by Sodium Ion Pump Rhodopsin is Resistant to Environmental Change -A Comparison of Photocycles of Na+ and Li+ Transport Processes

, ,
Chemistry Letters advpub(0), 2015
… Krokinobacter rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a light-driven sodium ion pump. … This seems contradict, because the rate of photocycle determines turnover speed of pump. … This is consistent with the comparable Na+ and Li+ pump efficiency and KR2 has faster turnover of Na+ pump resistant to environmental change. …
NAID 130004703990

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