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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/08 10:53:44」(JST)

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An illustration of interphase. The chromatin has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions.

An image of the nucleus of a cell (HT1080) currently in interphase (likely G1). Note: Cytoplasm of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible (top-left), which is currently in the telophase of mitosis. Image taken using an optical microscope and DAPI staining of DNA.

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends and performs the majority of its time. Then, in preparation for cellular division, it increases in size. Interphase is also considered to be the 'living' phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions^{[citation needed]}. The majority of eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase. This phase was formerly called the resting phase. However, interphase does not describe a cell that is merely resting but is rather an active preparation for cell division, so the name was changed. A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis. However, since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage.^[1]

In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Chromosomes are copied.

Stages of interphase

There are three stages of interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages of interphase are:

G₁ (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) - more organelles are produced, the volume of cytoplasm increases and mitochondria and chloroplasts divide. If the cell is not to divide again, it will enter G₀.^[2]

Synthesis (S), in which the cell duplicates its DNA (via semiconservative replication). This is also known as the Swanson phase.

G₂ (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division.

In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage called G₀ (Gap zero), which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G₁.

The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90% of the total time involved in cell division.^[3] Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase.

Interphase within sequences of cellular processes

Interphase and the cell cycle

When G₂ is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G₁ of interphase.

In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G₀ phase, which, in some circumstances, may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of the G₂ checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.

G₀ phase is viewed as either an extended G₁ phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle.^[4]

Interphase and other cellular processes

In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis.

References

^ The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial The Biology Project – Cell Biology. University of Arizona.
^ Cummings, M. R. (2014). Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (10th ed., pp. 28-29). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
^ Mader, S. S. 2007. Biology 9th Ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education, Boston, MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-07-325839-3
^ Re: Are the cells in the G0 (g zero) phase of mitosis really suspended? Erin Cram, Grad student, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley. 1999. MadScience Network. Question ID 942142089.Cb.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Analytical and numerical modeling of non-collinear shear wave mixing at an imperfect interface.

Zhang Z1, Nagy PB2, Hassan W3.
Ultrasonics.Ultrasonics.2016 Feb;65:165-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2015.09.021. Epub 2015 Oct 14.
Non-collinear shear wave mixing at an imperfect interface between two solids can be exploited for nonlinear ultrasonic assessment of bond quality. In this study we developed two analytical models for nonlinear imperfect interfaces. The first model uses a finite nonlinear interfacial stiffness repres
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A deterministic oscillatory model of microtubule growth and shrinkage for differential actions of short chain fatty acids.

Kilner J1, Corfe BM, McAuley MT, Wilkinson SJ.
Molecular bioSystems.Mol Biosyst.2016 Jan 15;12(1):93-101. doi: 10.1039/c5mb00211g. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), principally acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate, are produced in pharmacologically relevant concentrations by the gut microbiome. Investigations indicate that they exert beneficial effects on colon epithelia. There is increasing interest in whether different SC
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Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphomas Expressing BCL2 Protein Frequently Harbor BCL2 Gene Break and May Present 1p36 Deletion: A Study of 20 Cases.

Szablewski V1, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Baia M, Delfau-Larue MH, Copie-Bergman C, Ortonne N.
The American journal of surgical pathology.Am J Surg Pathol.2016 Jan;40(1):127-36. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000567.
The classification of cutaneous follicular lymphoma (CFL) into primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL) or secondary cutaneous follicular lymphoma (SCFL) is challenging. SCFL is suspected when tumor cells express BCL2 protein, reflecting a BCL2 translocation. However, BCL2 expression is di
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Japanese Journal

Characterization of chromosome complement in Achillea fragrantissima (Forsk) Schultz-Bip. analyzed by DAPI and FISH

, , ,
Chromosome Botany 10(1), 7-11, 2015
… The chromosomes DAPI-stained showed DAPI-positive bands on interphase and metaphase chromosome complement, of which fifteen chromosomes had terminal bands on both arms and three chromosomes had single positive DAPI bands on a single arm. …
NAID 130005075170

Analysis of Active Nucleolus Organizing Regions in Polyploid Prairie Cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) by Silver Staining

, ,
CYTOLOGIA 80(2), 249-258, 2015
… Silver staining is the cytogenetic method commonly used to study the number and distribution of active nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) on chromosomes at metaphase, and the number and size of nucleoli in nuclei at interphase. … The purpose of this study is to estimate the number of AgNORs, their locations, and their activities in metaphase chromosomes and to determine heteromorphic variation in size and number of nucleoli within interphase nuclei for tetra-, hexa-, and octoploid prairie cordgrass populations. …
NAID 130005074303

Models and Applications for Simulating Turbulent Solid–Liquid Suspensions in Stirred Tanks

, ,
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 48(5), 329-336, 2015
… The complex flow characteristics of these systems, such as two-phase turbulence and interphase interaction, make the corresponding numerical simulations complicated and challenging. …
NAID 130005071106

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