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blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes (同)hemianopsia

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/17 02:15:16」(JST)

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Hemianopsia or hemianopia is visual field loss on the left or right side of the vertical midline. It can affect one eye but usually affects both eyes. Homonymous hemianopsia, or homonymous hemianopia, is hemianopic visual field loss on the same side of both eyes. Homonymous hemianopsia occurs because the right half of the brain has visual pathways for the left hemifield of both eyes, and the left half of the brain has visual pathways for the right hemifield of both eyes. When one of these pathways is damaged, the corresponding visual field is lost.

Causes

Homonymous hemianopsia can be congenital, but is usually caused by brain injury such as from stroke, trauma,^[1] tumors, infection, or following surgery.

Vascular and neoplastic (malignant or benign tumours) lesions from the optic tract, to visual cortex can cause a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia. Injury to the right side of the brain will affect the left visual fields of each eye. The more posterior the cerebral lesion, the more symmetric (congruous) the homonymous hemianopsia will be. For example, a person who has a lesion of the right optic tract will no longer see objects on his left side. Similarly, a person who has a stroke to the right occipital lobe will have the same visual field defect, usually more congruent between the two eyes, and there may be macular sparing. A stroke on the right side of the brain (especially parietal lobe), in addition to producing a homonymous hemianopsia, may also lead to the syndrome of hemispatial neglect.

Transient homonymous hemianopsia does not necessarily mean stroke. For instance, it can constitute the aura phase of migraine. Concomitant presence of a moving scintillating scotoma is suggestive of migraine,^[2] but has been seen in cerebral cancer as well.^[3] Computed tomography (CT scan) or MRI can be used to investigate if stroke, tumor, structural lesion, or demyelination is the cause of homonymous hemianopsia.^[2]

Radiology

Homonymous hemianopsia secondary to posterior cerebral artery occlusion - may result in syndromes of memory impairment, opposite visual field loss (homonymous hemianopsia), and sometimes hemisensory deficits The PCA supplies the occipital lobe and the medial portion of the temporal lobe

Infarction of occipital cortex typically causes macular sparing hemianopias due to dual blood supply

- Occlusion of the Calcarine artery that result in infarction of the superior part of the occipital lobe causes lower peripheral visual field defect

- Posterior Cerebral Artery penetrating branch occlusion may result in infarction of the posterior capsule - causing hemisensory loss and if low enough a transient hemianopia may also occur

- Area of temporal lobe supplied by the PCA also infarcted by main vessel occlusion but unless bilateral infarcts there is minimal memory deficit

MRI: T2W unilateral occipital and medial temporal lobe high signal intensity

Effects

Paris as seen with right homonymous hemianopsia

Mobility can be difficult for people with homonymous hemianopsia. “Patients frequently complain of bumping into obstacles on the side of the field loss, thereby bruising their arms and legs.”³

People with homonymous hemianopsia often experience discomfort in crowds. “A patient with this condition may be unaware of what he or she cannot see and frequently bumps into walls, trips over objects or walks into people on the side where the visual field is missing.”⁵

A strange phenomenon is Hemispatial neglect, the possible neglect of the right or left. The patient is not conscious of its existence. The right side of the face is not shaven, make up is applied to one side of the face only and only half of a plate of food is eaten.^[4]

Vision Restitution Therapy

If hemianopsia has not improved by 6–12 months, it is unlikely to improve. The restoration of peripheral vision by "visual stimulation" is difficult. Many researchers feel that vision restitution therapy helps more with adaptive eye movements in to the blind hemifield, rather than restoration of the lost peripheral vision. Products such as Anops, NovaVision and VisioCoach are commercially available.

Help With Mobility

Prisms or "field expanders" that bend light have been described for decades in patients with hemianopsia. Higher power Fresnel ("stick-on") prisms are commonly employed because they are thin and light weight, and can be cut and placed in different positions on a spectacle lens.

Peripheral prism spectacles expand the visual field of patients with hemifield visual defects and have the potential to improve visual function and mobility.⁴ Prism spectacles incorporate higher power prisms, with variable shapes and designs. The Gottlieb button prism, and the Peli superior and inferior horizontal bands are some proprietary examples of prism glasses. These high power prisms "create" artificial peripheral vision into the blind field for obstacle avoidance and motion detection.

Etymology

Homonymous hemianopsia can be broken down as follows:

Homonymous: (having the same name or designation) or standing in the same relation
hemi: half
anopsia: blindness

Homonymous hemianopsia is also called Homonymous hemianopia.

References

^ Zhang X, Kedar S, Lynn MJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V (March 2006). "Homonymous hemianopias: clinical-anatomic correlations in 904 cases". Neurology 66 (6): 906–10. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000203913.12088.93. PMID 16567710.
^ ^a ^b eMedicine > Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke Authors: Christopher Luzzio and Consuelo T Lorenzo. Updated: Jul 15, 2009
^ Weinstein, J. M.; Appen, R. E.; Houston, L.; Zurhein, G. (1987). "Recurrent scintillating scotoma and homonymous hemianopia due to metastatic melanoma". Journal of clinical neuro-ophthalmology 7 (3): 155–160. PMID 2958508. edit
^ Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

² Schofield TM, Leff, AP, Rehabilitation of Hemianopia, Current Opinion in Neurology, 2009, 22:36-40

³ Peli E. Field expansion for homonymous hemianopia by optically induced peripheral exotropia. Optom Vis Sci 2000; 77:453-464.

⁴ Bowers AR, Keeney K, Peli E. Community-based trial of a peripheral prism visual field expansion device for hemianopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:657-664

⁵ Prism Glasses Expand The View For Patients With Hemianopia, Medical News today, 14 May 2008, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/107160.php

External links

Hemianopsia.net
Hemianopsia.org

UpToDate Contents

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1. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia
2. 急性持続性視力喪失が認められた成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute persistent visual loss
3. 成人におけるてんかんの外科的治療 surgical treatment of epilepsy in adults
4. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of giant cell temporal arteritis
5. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults

English Journal

Unrecognized visual field deficits in children with primary central nervous system brain tumors.

Harbert MJ, Yeh-Nayre LA, O'Halloran HS, Levy ML, Crawford JR.SourceDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, USA.
Journal of neuro-oncology.J Neurooncol.2012 May;107(3):545-9. Epub 2011 Dec 4.
Visual field deficits can be a consequence of brain tumor location or treatment. The prevalence of unrecognized visual field deficits in children diagnosed with brain tumors is not known. All children at a single tertiary care pediatric children's hospital diagnosed with a primary brain tumor were t
PMID 22139448

Steroid Responsive A3243G Mutation MELAS: Clinical and Radiographic Evidence for Regional Hyperperfusion Leading to Neuronal Loss.

Walcott BP, Edlow BL, Xia Z, Kahle KT, Nahed BV, Schmahmann JD.SourceDepartments of *Neurosurgery †Neurology ‡Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
The neurologist.Neurologist.2012 May;18(3):159-70.
INTRODUCTION: Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a multisystem disorder caused by systemic cellular metabolic derangement that is characterized predominantly by rapidly progressive deterioration of the central nervous system.CASE REPORT: : We
PMID 22549360

Japanese Journal

Reduced retinal ganglion cell complex thickness in patients with posterior cerebral artery infarction detected using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

YAMASHITA Tsutomu,MIKI Atsushi,IGUCHI Yasuyuki,KIMURA Kazumi,MAEDA Fumiatsu,KIRYU Junichi
Japanese journal of ophthalmology 56(5), 502-510, 2012-09-01
NAID 10031039964

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION : Reduced retinal ganglion cell complex thickness in patients with posterior cerebral artery infarction detected using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Yamashita Tsutomu,Miki Atsushi,Iguchi Yasuyuki [他]
Japanese journal of ophthalmology : the official English-language journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 56(5), 502-510, 2012-09
NAID 40019415431