関: guanidine、guanidinium、guanidinium chloride

WordNet

a complex consisting of an organic base in association with hydrogen chloride

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/14 16:52:43」(JST)

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Guanidinium chloride or guanidine hydrochloride, usually abbreviated GdmCl and sometimes GndCl or GuHCl, is the hydrochloride salt of guanidine.

Structure

Guanidinium chloride crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbca. The crystal structure consists of a network of guanidinium cations and chloride anions linked by N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds.^[2]

Use in protein denaturation

Guanidinium chloride is a strong chaotrope and one of the strongest denaturants used in physiochemical studies of protein folding. At high concentrations of guanidinium chloride (e.g., 6 Molar), proteins lose their ordered structure, and they tend to become randomly coiled, i.e. they do not contain any residual structure. However, at concentrations in the millimolar range in vivo, guanidinium chloride has been shown to "cure" prion positive cells (i.e. cells exhibiting a prion positive phenotype revert to a prion negative phenotype). This is the result of inhibition of the Hsp104 chaperone protein known to play an important role in prion fiber fragmentation and propagation.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Historical survey

Petrunkin and Petrunkin (1927, 1928) appear to be the first who studied the binding of GndCl to gelatin and a mixture of thermally denatured protein from brain extract. Greenstein (1938, 1939), however, appears to be the first to discover the high denaturing action of guanidinium halides and thiocyanates in following the liberation of sulfhydryl groups in ovalbumin and few other proteins as a function of salt concentration.^[6]

Medical Uses

Guanidine hydrochloride is indicated for the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with Eaton-Lambert syndrome. It is not indicated for treating myasthenia gravis. It apparently acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine following a nerve impulse. It also appears to slow the rates of depolarization and repolarization of muscle cell membranes. Initial dosage is usually between 10 and 15 mg/kg (5 to 7 mg/pound) of body weight per day in 3 or 4 divided doses. This dosage may be gradually increased to a total daily dosage of 35 mg/kg (16 mg/pound) of body weight per day or up to the development of side effects. Side effects include increased peristalsis and diarrhea. Fatal bone-marrow suppression, apparently dose related, can occur with guanidine.

References

^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 3–296. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2.
^ Haas, D. J.; Harris, D. R.; Mills, H. H. (1965). "The crystal structure of guanidinium chloride". Acta Crystallogr. 19: 676–679. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65004085.
^ Ferreira PC, Ness F, Edwards SR, Cox BS, Tuite MF (2001) The elimination of the yeast [PSI+] prion by guanidine hydrochloride is the result of Hsp104 inactivation. Mol Microbiol 40 (6):1357-1369.
^ Ness F, Ferreira P, Cox BS, Tuite MF (2002) Guanidine hydrochloride inhibits the generation of prion "seeds" but not prion protein aggregation in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 22 (15):5593-5605.
^ Eaglestone SS, Ruddock LW, Cox BS, Tuite MF (2000) Guanidine hydrochloride blocks a critical step in the propagation of the prion-like determinant [PSI(+)] of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (1):240-244.
^ Lapange, Savo (1978). Physicochemical aspects of protein denaturation. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-03409-6.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Lambert-Eaton筋無力症候群の治療 treatment of lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome
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English Journal

Selectivity problems with drugs acting on cardiac na(+) and ca(2+) channels.

Hegyi B, Komáromi I, Nánási PP, Szentandrássy N.SourceDepartment of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98. H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary. nanasi.peter@med.unideb.hu.
Current medicinal chemistry.Curr Med Chem.2013 Jul 1;20(20):2552-71.
With the increase of our knowledge on cardioactive agents it comes more and more clear that practically none of the currently used compounds shows absolute selectivity to one or another ion channel type. This is particularly true for Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel modulators, which are widely applied in t
PMID 23597201

Production of tag-free recombinant fusion protein encompassing promiscuous T cell epitope of tetanus toxoid and dog zona pellucida glycoprotein-3 for contraceptive vaccine development.

Gupta N, Shrestha A, Panda AK, Gupta SK.SourceReproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
Molecular biotechnology.Mol Biotechnol.2013 Jul;54(3):853-62. doi: 10.1007/s12033-012-9634-4.
Affinity tags can interfere in various physicochemical properties and immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins. In the present study, tag-free recombinant fusion protein encompassing promiscuous T cell epitope of tetanus toxoid [TT; amino acid (aa) residues 830-844] followed by dilysine linker and
PMID 23242635

Asymmetric niobium guanidinates as intermediates in the catalytic guanylation of amines.

Elorriaga D, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Antiñolo A, Suárez FJ, López-Solera I, Fernández-Galán R, Villaseñor E.SourceDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario de Ciudad Real, 13071-Ciudad Real, Spain. Fernando.Carrillo@uclm.es Antonio.Antinolo@uclm.es.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2013 Jun 21;42(23):8223-30. doi: 10.1039/c3dt50477h. Epub 2013 Apr 16.
The molecular structure of the guanidinate complex {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[(4-BrC6H4)N[double bond, length as m-dash]C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]}, previously obtained by reaction of [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] and the corresponding guanidine proligand, has been established by X-ray diffraction. The series of complexes {NbBz2(N(
PMID 23588230

Japanese Journal

Does Recovery in the Spectral Characteristics of GdnHCl-Denatured Bacillus licheniformis α-Amylase Due to Added Calcium Point towards Protein Stabilization?

HALIM Adyani Azizah Abd.,FEROZ Shevin Rizal,TAYYAB Saad
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77(1), 87-96, 2013-01-00
NAID 40019561806

Effects of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on the sliding movement of actin filaments with ATP hydrolysis by myosin molecules

Kumemoto Ryusei,Hosogoe Yoshitsugu,Nomura Naoki [他],HATORI Kuniyuki
The journal of biochemistry 149(6), 713-720, 2011-06-01
NAID 10030585907

低温状態におけるタンパク質モデル化合物の疎水性相互作用に関する研究

吉村幸浩,竹清貴浩,渡邊真佑子 [他],岡本知カ羅
低温生物工学会誌 57(1), 51-54, 2011-04-15
… We have investigated the effect of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on the hydration structure of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]) used as a protein model compound. …
NAID 110008671120

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「guanidinium」「guanidinium chloride」「塩酸グアニジン」
関連記事	「hydrochloride」

「guanidinium」

Guanidinium chloride
	IUPAC name Carbamimidoylazanium chloride
	Other names Guanidine hydrochloride
Identifiers
CAS number	50-01-1
PubChem	10855382
ChemSpider	5540
UNII	3YQC9ZY4YB
ChEBI	CHEBI:32735
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES Cl.[N@H]=C(N)N ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CH5N3.ClH/c2-1(3)4;/h(H5,2,3,4);1H ; Key: PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/CH5N3.ClH/c2-1(3)4;/h(H5,2,3,4);1H; Key: PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYAG ;
Properties
Molecular formula	CH6ClN3
Molar mass	95.53 g mol−1
Appearance	orthorhombic bipyramidal crystals
Density	1.354 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point	182.3 °C (360.1 °F; 455.4 K)
Solubility in water	very soluble in water and ethanol
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references