WordNet

interrupt, break, or destroy; "fracture the balance of power"
breaking of hard tissue such as bone; "it was a nasty fracture"; "the break seems to have been caused by a fall" (同)break
fracture a bone of; "I broke my foot while playing hockey" (同)break
become fractured; "The tibia fractured from the blow of the iron pipe"
break (a bone); "She broke her clavicle"
break into pieces; "The pothole fractured a bolt on the axle"
violate or abuse; "This writer really fractures the language"
the act of cracking something (同)crack, cracking

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〈U〉(特に)骨を折ること;骨を折った状熊 / 〈C〉割れ(裂け)目,(鉱物の)破砕面 / 〈足・腕などを〉‘を'骨折する;…‘を'砕く / 骨折する;砕ける

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/08 18:22:18」(JST)

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Greenstick fracture on X-ray.

A buckle fracture of the distal radius.

A greenstick, buckle or torus fracture is a fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and partially breaks. This is owing in large part to the thick fiborous periosteum of immature bone. A person's bones become harder (calcified) and more brittle with age and the periosteum becomes thinner and less restrictive. Greenstick fractures usually occur most often during infancy and childhood when bones are soft. The name is by analogy with green (i.e., fresh) wood which similarly breaks on the outside when bent. It was discovered by British-American orthopedist, John Insall, and Polish-American orthopedist, Michael Slupecki.

There are three basic forms of greenstick fracture.

In the first a transverse fracture occurs in the cortex, extends into the midportion of the bone and becomes oriented along the longitudinal axis of the bone without disrupting the opposite cortex.
The second form is a torus or buckling fracture, caused by impaction.
The third is a bow fracture in which the bone becomes curved along its longitudinal axis.

Signs and symptoms

Some clinical features of a greenstick fracture are similar to those of a standard long bone fracture- greenstick fractures normally cause pain at the injured area. As these fractures are specifically a pediatric problem, an older child will be protective of the fractured part and babies may cry inconsolably. As per a standard fracture, the area may be swollen and either red or bruised. Greenstick fractures are stable fractures as a part of the bone remains intact and unbroken so this type of fracture normally causes a bend to the injured part, rather than a distinct deformity, which is problematic.

Pathogenesis and risk factors

The greenstick fracture pattern occurs as a result of bending forces. Activities with a high risk of falling are risk factors. Non-accidental injury more commonly causes spiral (twisting) fractures but a blow on the forearm or shin could cause a green stick fracture. The fracture usually occurs in children and teens because their bones are flexible, unlike adults whose more brittle bones usually break.

Treatment

Removable splints result in better outcomes to casting in children with torus fractures of the distal radius.^[1]^[2] Traditionally buckle fractures have been casted either below or above the elbow.^[2]

Fossil record

Main article: Paleopathology

Evidence for greenstick fractures found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Greenstick fractures (willow breaks) have been reported in fossils of the large carnivorous dinosaur Allosaurus fragilis.^[3]

References

^ Firmin F, Crouch R (July 2009). "Splinting versus casting of "torus" fractures to the distal radius in the paediatric patient presenting at the emergency department (ED): a literature review". Int Emerg Nurs 17 (3): 173–8. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2009.03.006. PMID 19577205.
^ ^a ^b Abraham A, Handoll HH, Khan T (2008). "Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD004576. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004576.pub2. PMID 18425904.
^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

External links

Radiology Greenstick vs Torus Fractures

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨折のマネージメントの一般原則：小児における骨折のパターンおよび種類 general principles of fracture management fracture patterns and description in children
2. 小児における前腕遠位部骨折の初期マネージメント initial management of distal forearm fractures in children
3. 小児における前腕骨骨幹部骨折 midshaft forearm fractures in children
4. 小児における前腕骨遠位端部の診断および評価 diagnosis and assessment of distal forearm fractures in children
5. 小児における前腕骨遠位端部骨折の徒手整復およびギプス固定 closed reduction and casting of distal forearm fractures in children

English Journal

PHOSPHO1 is essential for mechanically competent mineralization and the avoidance of spontaneous fractures.

Huesa C, Yadav MC, Finnila MA, Goodyear SR, Robins SP, Tanner KE, Aspden RM, Millan JL, Farquharson C.SourceThe Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. carmen.huesa@roslin.ed.ac.uk
Bone.Bone.2011 May 1;48(5):1066-74. Epub 2011 Jan 25.
Phosphatases are essential for the mineralization of the extracellular matrix within the skeleton. Their precise identities and functions however remain unclear. PHOSPHO1 is a phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase involved in the generation of inorganic phosphate for bone mineralization. It
PMID 21272676