関: green algae

WordNet

any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment
turn or become green; "The trees are greening"
green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass (同)greenness, viridity
an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; "the ball rolled across the green and into the bunker" (同)putting_green, putting surface
of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass; "a green tree"; "green fields"; "green paint" (同)greenish, light-green, dark-green
not fully developed or mature; not ripe; "unripe fruit"; "fried green tomatoes"; "green wood" (同)unripe, unripened, immature
concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party
looking pale and unhealthy; "youre looking green"; "green around the gills"
United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952) (同)William Green
a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River (同)Green River
an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party
primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves (同)algae
any of various leafy plants or their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables (同)green, leafy vegetable

PrepTutorEJDIC

『緑の,緑色の』,青々とした / (季節が)新緑の;(木々の緑が残って)温暖な / (果物が)うれていない;(酒・チーズなどが)熟成していない / 未経験の / (食物・木材・皮などが)生の;調理して(乾燥して,なめして)ない / 青野菜の;青草の / 活気のある,元気な;若い / (記億などが)生々しい / 〈U〉『緑色』;緑色の服[地];〈C〉緑色の絵の具 / 〈C〉草地,緑地,芝;(町・村の)芝の生えた共有地 / 〈C〉《複数形で》《米》装飾用の緑葉(緑枝);野菜,青物 / 〈C〉(ゴルフの)グリーン(芝を短く刈ったパット区域)
藻(も);《複数形で》藻(そう)類(海草などの隠花植物)
青りんご

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/18 00:06:01」(JST)

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The green algae (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged.^[1] As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic (and often just known as kingdom Plantae). The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic seaweeds. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 8,000 species of green algae.^[2] Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form colonies, coenobia, long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.

A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested green algae,^[1] and in the latter retain a vestigial nucleus (nucleomorph). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium, and in Hydra viridis and flatworms. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae), can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. Trentepohlia is a green filamentous alga that can live freely on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae.

Cellular structure[edit]

Almost all forms have chloroplasts. These contain chlorophylls a and b, giving them a bright green color (as well as the accessory pigments beta carotene and xanthophylls),^[3] and have stacked thylakoids.^[4]

All green algae have mitochondria with flat cristae. When present, flagella are typically anchored by a cross-shaped system of microtubules and fibrous strands, but these are absent among the higher plants and charophytes, which instead have a 'raft' of microtubules, the spline. Flagella are used to move the organism. Green algae usually have cell walls containing cellulose, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles.

Origins[edit]

Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound organelle, the plastid.^[5] This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids: the green plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes.^[6]

Evolution and classification[edit]

A growth of the green seaweed, Enteromorpha on rock substratum at the ocean shore. Some green seaweeds, such as Enteromorpha and Ulva, are quick to utilize inorganic nutrients from land runoff, and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution.

Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and glaucophyte algae, form the supergroup Primoplantae, also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato.

The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades. The Chlorophyta includes the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta, which contain the majority of described species of green algae. The Streptophyta includes the charophytes, a paraphyletic assemblage of freshwater algae from which the land plants have evolved. Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data. ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Chlorophyta

core Chlorophyta

	Ulvophyceae

	Trebouxiophyceae

	Chlorophyceae

Chlorodendrophyceae

Pedinophyceae

prasinophytes (paraphyletic)

Streptophyta

Mesostigmatophyceae

Chlorokybophyceae

Klebsormidiophyceae

Charophyceae

	Zygnematophyceae

	Coleochaetophyceae

Embryophytes (land plants)

Green Algae conjugating

Reproduction[edit]

Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations.

Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells (isogamy) to fertilization of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one (oogamy). However, these traits show some variation, most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes.

Haploid algae cells (containing only one copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called conjugation.

The species of Ulva are reproductively isomorphic, the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores, which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase.^[11]

Chemistry[edit]

The green algae span a wide range of δ¹³C values, with different groups having different typical ranges.

Physiology[edit]

The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials.^[13]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
^ Guiry, M.D. (2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology 48: 1057–1063. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x.
^ Burrows 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2 Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-00981-8
^ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
^ Keeling, PJ (2010). "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365 (1541): 729–748. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103. ISSN 0962-8436.
^ De Clerck, O; Bogaert, KA; Leliaert, F (2012). "Diversity and Evolution of Algae". Advances in Botanical Research 64: 55–86. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5. ISSN 00652296.
^ Lewis, L. A & R. M. McCourt (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
^ Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.
^ Marin, Birger (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons". Protist 163: 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004.
^ Laurin-Lemay, Simon; Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2012). "Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data". Current Biology 22: R593–R594. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013.
^ [1]
^ Maberly, S. C.; Raven, J. A.; Johnston, A. M. (1992). "Discrimination between ¹²C and ¹³C by marine plants". Oecologia 91 (4): 481. doi:10.1007/BF00650320. JSTOR 4220100.
^ Tazawa, Masashi (2010). "Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology". Progress in Botany 72: 5–34. Retrieved 7-10-2012.

External links[edit]

Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens
Green algae (UC Berkeley)
Monterey Bay green algae

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English Journal

Alleviating CTAC and Flu combined pollution damage in Chlorella vulgaris by exogenous nitric oxide.

Li Q, Liang Z, Ge F, Xu Y, Yang L, Zeng H.Author information Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China. Electronic address: xdliqi@163.com.AbstractThis study investigates the effect of sodium nitroprussiate (SNP), an exogenous NO-donor, on the joint toxicity of binary mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and fluoranthene (Flu) (CTAC/Flu), which are representatives for surfactants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) respectively, in a unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). The results showed that the addition of low SNP (20μM) alleviated the CTAC/Flu combined pollution damage in C. vulgaris. Supplement of low SNP significantly increased the algae biomass, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) as compared to CTAC/Flu treatment alone. SNP also reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as compared with CTAC/Flu treated alone. On the contrary, the above phenomena were reversed when high concentration of SNP (100μM) was added. Our study indicated that the damage of the joint action of surfactants and PAHs on hydrobios can be alleviated through protecting against oxidant substances and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes with an exogenous supply of NO in certain concentration range.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Feb;96:39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.012. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
This study investigates the effect of sodium nitroprussiate (SNP), an exogenous NO-donor, on the joint toxicity of binary mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and fluoranthene (Flu) (CTAC/Flu), which are representatives for surfactants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) respec
PMID 24001670

Growth rate affects the responses of the green alga Tetraselmis suecica to external perturbations.

Fanesi A, Raven JA, Giordano M.Author information Laboratorio di Fisiologia delle Alghe e delle Piante, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.AbstractAcclimation to environmental changes involves a modification of the expressed proteome and metabolome. The reproductive advantage associated with the higher fitness that acclimation provides to the new conditions more than compensates for the costs of acclimation. To exploit such an advantage, however, the duration of the perturbation must be sufficiently long relative to the growth rate. Otherwise, a selective pressure may exist in favour of responses that minimize changes in carbon allocation and resource use and do not require reversal of the acclimation after the perturbation ceases (compositional homeostasis). We hypothesize that the choice between acclimation and homeostasis depends on the duration of the perturbation relative to the length of the cell cycle. To test this hypothesis, we cultured the green alga Tetraselmis suecica at two growth rates and subjected the cultures to three environmental perturbations. Carbon allocation was studied with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; elemental stoichiometry was investigated by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy. Our data confirmed that growth rate is a crucial factor for C allocation in response to external changes, with a higher degree of compositional homeostasis in cells with lower growth rate.
Plant, cell & environment.Plant Cell Environ.2014 Feb;37(2):512-9. doi: 10.1111/pce.12176. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
Acclimation to environmental changes involves a modification of the expressed proteome and metabolome. The reproductive advantage associated with the higher fitness that acclimation provides to the new conditions more than compensates for the costs of acclimation. To exploit such an advantage, howev
PMID 23927015

The cell-wall glycoproteins of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. The predominant cell-wall polypeptide of Scenedesmus obliquus is related to the cell-wall glycoprotein gp3 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Voigt J1, Stolarczyk A2, Zych M2, Malec P3, Burczyk J4.Author information 1Institute for Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: juergen.voigt@charite.de.2Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Silesian Medical University, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.3Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.4Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Silesian Medical University, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; Laboratory of Biotechnology, 43-400 Cieszyn, Poland.AbstractThe green alga Scenedesmus obliquus contains a multilayered cell wall, ultrastructurally similar to that of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, although its proportion of hydroxyproline is considerably lower. Therefore, we have investigated the polypeptide composition of the insoluble and the chaotrope-soluble wall fractions of S. obliquus. The polypeptide pattern of the chaotrope-soluble wall fraction was strongly modified by chemical deglycosylation with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) in pyridine indicating that most of these polypeptides are glycosylated. Polypeptide constituents of the chaotrope-soluble cell-wall fraction with apparent molecular masses of 240, 270, 265, and 135kDa cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against the 100kDa deglycosylation product of the C. reinhardtii cell-wall glycoprotein GP3B. Chemical deglycosylation of the chaotrope-soluble wall fraction resulted in a 135kDa major polypeptide and a 106kDa minor component reacting with the same antibody. This antibody recognized specific peptide epitopes of GP3B. When the insoluble wall fraction of S. obliquus was treated with anhydrous HF/pyridine, three polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 144, 135, and 65kDa were solubilized, which also occured in the deglycosylated chaotrope-soluble wall fraction. These findings indicate that theses glycoproteins are cross-linked to the insoluble wall fraction via HF-sensitive bonds.
Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology.Plant Sci.2014 Feb;215-216:39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.10.011. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
The green alga Scenedesmus obliquus contains a multilayered cell wall, ultrastructurally similar to that of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, although its proportion of hydroxyproline is considerably lower. Therefore, we have investigated the polypeptide composition of the insoluble and the chaotrope-solub
PMID 24388513

Japanese Journal

Cyclic electron transport around photosystem ？ and its relationship to non-photochemical quenching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina under nitrogen deficiency

Einali Alireza,Shariati Mansour,Sato Fumihiko [他]
Journal of plant research 126(1), 179-186, 2013-01
NAID 40019542424

Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I and its relationship to non-photochemical quenching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina under nitrogen deficiency.

Einali Alireza,Shariati Mansour,Sato Fumihiko,Endo Tsuyoshi
Journal of plant research 126(1), 179-186, 2013-01
… Electron transport in photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) was estimated in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence and changes in P700 redox, respectively, in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in the presence or absence of a nitrogen source in the culture medium. …
NAID 120005173476

緑藻クラミドモナスにおける無機炭素濃縮機構と脂質代謝 (解説特集光合成と藻類バイオテクノロジー)

福澤秀哉,山野隆志,梶川昌孝
光合成研究 22(3), 174-184, 2012-12
NAID 40019553722

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「緑藻類」
拡張検索	「blue-green algae」「green algae」
関連記事	「green」「alga」

「緑藻類」

HCO3-using red algae	−22.5‰ to −9.6‰
CO2-using red algae	−34.5‰ to −29.9‰
Brown algae	−20.8‰ to −10.5‰
Green algae	−20.3‰ to −8.8‰

Green algae
	; Stigeoclonium, a chlorophyte green alga genus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae;
Included groups
	Chlorophyta; Charophyta;
Excluded groups
	Embryophyta;

　　[★]

英: green alga、green algae
関: アオミドロ属、緑藻植物門、緑藻

「blue-green algae」

　　[★]

ラン藻、藍藻、ラン藻類、藍藻類

関: cyanobacteria、cyanobacterial、cyanobacterium

「green algae」

　　[★]

緑藻、緑藻類

関: Chlorophyta、green alga、Spirogyra

「green」

　　[★]

adj.

緑色の

「alga」

　　[★]

藻類

関: algae、algal

[palmer-1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1437–1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.

[2] Guiry, M.D. (2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology 48: 1057–1063. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x.

[Burrows_91-3] Burrows 1991. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 2 Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-00981-8

[Hoek_95-4] Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9

[Keeling2010-5] Keeling, PJ (2010). "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365 (1541): 729–748. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103. ISSN 0962-8436.

[De_ClerckBogaert2012-6] De Clerck, O; Bogaert, KA; Leliaert, F (2012). "Diversity and Evolution of Algae". Advances in Botanical Research 64: 55–86. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391499-6.00002-5. ISSN 00652296.

[7] Lewis, L. A & R. M. McCourt (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.

[Leliaert2012-8] Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.

[Marin2012-9] Marin, Birger (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons". Protist 163: 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004.

[Laurin-LemayBrinkmann2012-10] Laurin-Lemay, Simon; Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2012). "Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data". Current Biology 22: R593–R594. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013.

[11] [1]

[Maberly1992-12] Maberly, S. C.; Raven, J. A.; Johnston, A. M. (1992). "Discrimination between ¹²C and ¹³C by marine plants". Oecologia 91 (4): 481. doi:10.1007/BF00650320. JSTOR 4220100.

[13] Tazawa, Masashi (2010). "Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology". Progress in Botany 72: 5–34. Retrieved 7-10-2012.

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案内

green alga