関: Chlorophyta、green algae

WordNet

large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants (同)division Chlorophyta
a genus of protoctist
freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/03 05:10:36」(JST)

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Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is diagnostic of the genus. It is commonly found in freshwater areas, and there are more than 400 species of Spirogyra in the world.^[1] Spirogyra measures approximately 10 to 100μm in width and may stretch centimeters long.

General characteristics

Spirogyra is unbranched with cells connected end to end in long male reproductive system filaments. This genus of green algae undergoes a haploid-dominant life cycle. The cell wall has two layers: the outer wall is composed of pectin that dissolves in water to make the filament slimy to touch while the inner wall is of cellulose. The cytoplasm forms a thin lining between the cell wall and the large vacuole it surrounds. Chloroplasts are embedded in the peripheral cytoplasm; their numbers are variable (as few as one). The chloroplasts are ribbon shaped, serrated or scalloped, and spirally arranged, resulting in the prominent and characteristic green spiral on each filament. Each chloroplast contains several pyrenoids, centers for the production of starches, appearing as small round bodies.

Spirogyra is very common in relatively clean eutrophic water, developing slimy filamentous green masses. In spring Spirogyra grows under water, but when there is enough sunlight and warmth they produce large amounts of oxygen, adhering as bubbles between the tangled filaments. The filamentous masses come to the surface and become visible as slimy green mats. Mougeotia and Zygnema are often found tangled together.

Reproduction

Spirogyra can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In vegetative reproduction, fragmentation takes place, and Spirogyra simply undergoes the intercalary mitosis to form new filaments.

Sexual Reproduction is of two types:

Scalariform conjugation requires association of two different filaments lined side by side either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse, to make a passage called the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore.
In lateral conjugation, gametes are formed in a single filament. Two adjoining cells near the common transverse wall give out protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which further form the conjugation canal upon contact. The male cytoplasm migrates through the conjugation canal, fusing with the female. The rest of the process proceeds as in scalariform conjugation.

The essential difference is that scalariform conjugation occurs between two filaments and lateral conjugation occurs between two adjacent cells on the same filament.

Gallery

Spirogyra
More spirogyra
Single spirogyra cell
Another close-up of an individual spirogyra cell
Spirogyra. Each numbered tick = 122 µM
Spirogyra. Each numbered tick = 20 µM
Patch of spirogyra from algal blooming in Westfalian pond
Roumanian test image

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spirogyra.

^ http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjan99/gyra.html

Spirogyra at microscopy-uk.org.uk
John Whitton, B.A. and Brook, A.J. (editors) 2002. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-77051-3.

English Journal

A promising new wavelength region for three-photon fluorescence microscopy of live cells.

Norris G, Amor R, Dempster J, Amos WB, McConnell G.SourceCentre for Biophotonics, SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.
Journal of microscopy.J Microsc.2012 Jun;246(3):266-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03610.x. Epub 2012 Mar 28.
We report three-photon laser scanning microscopy (3PLSM) using a bi-directional pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with signal wavelength output at λ= 1500 nm. This novel laser was used to overcome the high optical loss in the infrared spectral region observed in laser scanning microscopes
PMID 22458977

Studies on conjugation of Spirogyra using monoclonal culture.

Ikegaya H, Nakase T, Iwata K, Tsuchida H, Sonobe S, Shimmen T.SourcePioneering Research Unit for Next Generation, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan, h-ikegaya@iss.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Journal of plant research.J Plant Res.2012 May;125(3):457-64. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
We succeeded in inducing conjugation of Spirogyra castanacea by incubating algal filaments on agar plate. Conjugation could be induced using clone culture. The scalariform conjugation was generally observed, while lateral conjugation was rarely. When two filaments formed scal
PMID 22006213

Japanese Journal

生物学教育における有性生殖の教材としての糸状藻アオミドロ属(車軸藻綱)の有用性

野崎健太郎
教育学部紀要 7, 295-299, 2014-03-31
NAID 120005448391

学内ビオトープ池におけるアオミドロの発生抑制に関する研究

工藤祐希,渡部守義
明石工業高等専門学校研究紀要 (56), 21-26, 2014-02-28
NAID 110009676370

生物学教育における有性生殖の教材としての糸状藻アオミドロ属(車軸藻綱)の有用性

野崎健太郎
椙山女学園大学教育学部紀要 7, 295-299, 2014
NAID 40020019771

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「アオミドロ属」「green algae」「Chlorophyta」「スパイロジャイラ属」
拡張検索	「Spirogyra属」

「アオミドロ属」

Spirogyra
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryote
(unranked):	Archaeplastida
Kingdom:	Protista
(unranked):	Streptophyta
Phylum:	Charophyta
Class:	Zygnematophyceae
Order:	Zygnematales
Family:	Zygnemataceae
Genus:	Spirogyra; Link in C. G. Nees