WordNet

become granular (同)grain
form into grains (同)grain
form granulating tissue; "wounds and ulcers can granulate"
new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process (同)granulation_tissue
the act of forming something into granules or grains; "the granulation of medicines"
made grainy or formed into granules; "granulated sugar"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈砂糖など〉‘を'粒[状]にする / 〈紙・革など〉‘の'表面をざらざらにする / 粒[状]になる / 表面がざらざらになる
粒[状]にすること;粒状,ざらざらした状態; / (ざらざらした表面の)ぶつぶつ,粒点

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/28 20:03:57」(JST)

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Granular synthesis is a basic sound synthesis method that operates on the microsound time scale.

	Excerpt from Agon - Horacio Vaggione A piece of music composed with fast and slow granular synthesis.
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It is based on the same principle as sampling. However, the samples are not played back conventionally, but are instead split into small pieces of around 1 to 50 ms. These small pieces are called grains. Multiple grains may be layered on top of each other, and may play at different speeds, phases, volume, and frequency, among other parameters.

At low speeds of playback, the result is a kind of soundscape, often described as a cloud, that is manipulatable in a manner unlike that for natural sound sampling or other synthesis techniques. At high speeds, the result is heard as a note or notes of a novel timbre. By varying the waveform, envelope, duration, spatial position, and density of the grains, many different sounds can be produced.

	Fast granular synthesis demonstration An example of granular synthesis. Note how the tiny snippets of sound (the grains) are initially distinct, but then blend together, generating a completely new timbre.
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Both have been used for musical purposes: as sound effects, raw material for further processing by other synthesis or digital signal processing effects, or as complete musical works in their own right. Conventional effects that can be achieved include amplitude modulation and time stretching. More experimentally, stereo or multichannel scattering, random reordering, disintegration and morphing are possible.

History

Dennis Gabor researched how human beings communicate and hear. The result of his investigations was the theory of granular synthesis, although Greek composer Iannis Xenakis claimed that he was actually the first inventor of this synthesis technique.^[1] Xenakis was the first to explicate a compositional theory for grains of sound. He began by adopting the following lemma: "All sound, even continuous musical variation, is conceived as an assemblage of a large number of elementary sounds adequately disposed in time. In the attack, body, and decline of a complex sound, thousands of pure sounds appear in a more or less short interval of time." Xenakis created granular sounds using analog tone generators and tape splicing. These appear in the composition Analogique A-B for string orchestra and tape (1959).^[2]

Curtis Roads is often credited as the first person to implement a digital granular synthesis engine. Canadian composer Barry Truax was one of the first to implement real-time versions of this synthesis technique.^[3]

Graintable synthesis

The Malström synthesizer in Propellerhead's Reason virtual music studio employs a technique known as Graintable synthesis, a technique ostensibly invented by Propellerhead for use in Malström:

Graintable synthesis is neither granular nor wavetable synthesis but a combination of the best of both methods. The results are exciting, controllable and texturally extremely varied. The basis of a Graintable is a sampled sound, which has been pre-processed using an extremely academic and complex method. A whole leaflet would be needed just to describe this. Suffice to say, the result is a perfect set of periodic waveforms that, due to the pre-processing, can be manipulated in a variety of ways. The Graintable can be treated as a wavetable: sweep through it, move through it at any speed without affecting pitch, play any little section repeatedly, use it to pick static waveforms, jump between positions etc.

—Propellerhead, ^[4]

Programming languages

Csound - comprehensive music software including granular synthesis (overview over granular synthesis opcodes)
SuperCollider - programming language for real time audio synthesis
Reaktor - visual programming environment for sampling, granular sampling, sequencing and modular synthesis
Max/MSP - graphical authoring software for real-time audio and video
Pure Data (Pd) - graphical programming language for real-time audio and video
ChucK - audio programming language for real-time audio synthesis
Real-time Cmix - programming language for real-time audio synthesis, including several algorithms for granular synthesis
AudioMulch - modular audio software for real-time audio manipulation

Articles

"Granular Synthesis" by Eric Kuehnl
"The development of GiST, a Granular. Synthesis Toolkit Based on an Extension of the FOF Generator" by Gerhard Eckel and Manuel Rocha Iturbide
Searching for a global synthesis technique through a quantum conception of sound by Manuel Rocha Iturbide
Going with the Grain a review of 10 granular synthesis programs by Dennis Miller (2008)
Further articles on Granular Synthesis
Bencina, R. (2006) “Implementing Real-Time Granular Synthesis,” in Greenbaum & Barzel (eds.), Audio Anecdotes III, ISBN 1-56881-215-9, A.K. Peters, Natick. online pdf

Books

Roads, Curtis (2001). Microsound. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18215-7.
Miranda, E. R. (2002). Computer Sound Design: Synthesis Techniques and Programming. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-51693-1.
Roads, Curtis (1996). The Computer Music Tutorial. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18158-4.
Wilson, Scott (2011). The SuperCollider Book. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23269-2.
"Les techniques granulaires dans la synthèse sonore by Manuel Rocha Iturbide. Doctoral Thesis. University of Paris VIII, Paris France, 1999.

References

^ Iannis Xenakis, Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1971
^ Curtis Roads, "The Computer Music Tutorial". Cambridge and London: The MIT Press, 1996
^ Barry Truax, “Real-Time Granular Synthesis with a Digital Signal Processor,” Computer Music Journal 12(2) (1988): 14-26. MIT Press.
^ http://www.propellerheads.se/products/reason/index.cfm?article=devices_malstrom&fuseaction=get_article

External links

Granular Synthesis Resource Web Site

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Polylactic acid trays for fresh-food packaging: A Carbon Footprint assessment.

Ingrao C1, Tricase C2, Cholewa-Wójcik A3, Kawecka A3, Rana R2, Siracusa V4.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Aug 14;537:385-398. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.023. [Epub ahead of print]
This paper discusses application of Carbon Footprint (CF) for quantification of the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) associated with the life cycle of polylactic acid (PLA) trays for packaging of fresh foods. A comparison with polystyrene (PS)-based trays was done considering two different
PMID 26282773

Twin screw granulation - review of current progress.

Thompson MR1.
Drug development and industrial pharmacy.Drug Dev Ind Pharm.2015 Aug;41(8):1223-31. doi: 10.3109/03639045.2014.983931. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
Twin screw granulation (TSG) is a new process of interest to the pharmaceutical community that can continuously wet granulate powders, doing so at lower liquid concentrations and with better product consistency than found by a high shear batch mixer. A considerable body of research has evolved over
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Serotonin effects in the crab Neohelice granulata: Possible involvement of two types of receptors in peripheral tissues.

Inohara ET1, Pinto CB2, Model JF2, Trapp M1, Kucharski LC1, Da Silva RS1, Vinagre AS3.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2015 Jul;185:80-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.012. Epub 2015 Mar 22.
In crustaceans, serotonin (5-HT) controls various physiological processes, such as hormonal secretion, color changes, reproduction, and metabolism. Since 5-HT injections cause hyperglycemia, this study was designed to further investigate this action of 5-HT in the crab Neohelice granulate, fed with
PMID 25810362

Morphological impact of zinc oxide particles on the antibacterial activity and human epithelia toxicity.

Čepin M1, Hribar G1, Caserman S1, Orel ZC1.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2015 Jul;52:204-11. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.03.053. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
ZnO nanoparticles are utilized in an ever growing number of products and can, therefore, be readily encountered in our everyday life. Human beings' outermost tissues consist of different epithelia and are, therefore, the most exposed to materials from the environment. In this paper, Caco-2 and Calu-
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Japanese Journal

過栄養な内港域における再生資源を用いた底質改善手法の提案

正田武,卜部憲登,平田正浩,三戸勇吾,中本健二,日比野忠史
土木学会論文集B3（海洋開発） 71(2), I_880-I_885, 2015
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NAID 130005097494

Three-unit reinforced polyetheretherketone composite FDPs: Influence of fabrication method on load-bearing capacity and failure types

STAWARCZYK Bogna,EICHBERGER Marlis,UHRENBACHER Julia,WIMMER Timea,EDELHOFF Daniel,SCHMIDLIN Patrick R.
Dental Materials Journal 34(1), 7-12, 2015
… In contrast, granulate pressed FDPs showed some plastic deformation without fracture. …
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Three-unit reinforced polyetheretherketone composite FDPs: Influence of fabrication method on load-bearing capacity and failure types

STAWARCZYK Bogna,EICHBERGER Marlis,UHRENBACHER Julia,WIMMER Timea,EDELHOFF Daniel,SCHMIDLIN Patrick R.
Dental Materials Journal, 2014
… In contrast, granulate pressed FDPs showed some plastic deformation without fracture. …
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A New Genus and Two New Species of the Tribe Pachyrhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Palawan Island, the Philippines

Yoshitake Hiraku
ESAKIA 53, 1-8, 2013-03-29
… nov. This new genus is similar in general appearance to the genus Pachyrhynchus Germar, but differs from it mainly by having the uneven prothorax with irregularly convex interstices between strong punctures and the elytra with weakly arched dorsal contour and more or less granulate intervals. … Expachyrhynchus chloromaculatus possesses a deep subobtriangular rostral concavity and the weakly granulate elytral intervals, whereas in E. …
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