WordNet

the act of deleting something written or printed
the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage; "an editors deletions frequently upset young authors"; "both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause" (同)excision, cut
(genetics) the loss or absence of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome
(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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削除;〈C〉削除箇所
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/06 23:57:36」(JST)

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Deletion on a chromosome

In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. Deletion is the loss of genetic material. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome.^[1] Deletions can be caused by errors in chromosomal crossover during meiosis. This causes several serious genetic diseases. Deletion also causes frameshift.

§Causes

Causes include the following:

Losses from translocation
Chromosomal crossovers within a chromosomal inversion
Unequal crossing over
Breaking without rejoining

For synapsis to occur between a chromosome with a large intercalary deficiency and a normal complete homolog, the unpaired region of the normal homolog must loop out of the linear structure into a deletion or compensation loop.

§Types

Types of deletion include the following:

'Terminal Deletion' — a deletion that occurs towards the end of a chromosome.
Intercalary Deletion / Interstitial Deletion — a deletion that occurs from the interior of a chromosome.

Microdeletion — a relatively small amount of deletion (up to 5Mb that could include a dozen genes).

Microdeletion is usually found in children with physical abnormalities. A large amount of deletion would result in immediate abortion (miscarriage).

§Effects

It could affect eyesight, smell, skin tone or loss of weight.

Small deletions are less likely to be fatal; large deletions are usually fatal — there are always variations based on which genes are lost. Some medium-sized deletions lead to recognizable human disorders, e.g. Williams syndrome.

Deletion of a number of pairs that is not evenly divisible by three will lead to a frameshift mutation, causing all of the codons occurring after the deletion to be read incorrectly during translation, producing a severely altered and potentially nonfunctional protein. In contrast, a deletion that is evenly divisible by three is called an in-frame deletion.^[2]

Deletions are responsible for an array of genetic disorders, including some cases of male infertility and two thirds of cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.^[1] Deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5 results in Cri du chat syndrome.^[1] Deletions in the SMN-encoding gene cause spinal muscular atrophy, the most common genetic cause of infant death.

Recent work suggests that some deletions of highly conserved sequences (CONDELs) may be responsible for the evolutionary differences present among closely related species. Such deletions in humans are referred to as hCONDELs may be responsible for the anatomical and behavioral differences between humans,chimpanzees and other mammals.^[3]

§Detection

The introduction of molecular techniques in conjunction with classical cytogenetic methods has in recent years greatly improved the diagnostic potential for chromosomal abnormalities. In particular, microarray-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) based on the use of BAC clones promises a sensitive strategy for the detection of DNA copy-number changes on a genome-wide scale. The resolution of detection could as high as >30,000 "bands" and the size of chromosomal deletion detected could as small as 5–20 kb in length.^[4] Other computation methods were selected to discover DNA sequencing deletion errors.^[5]

§See also

Indel
Chromosome abnormalities
Null allele
List of genetic disorders
Medical genetics
Microdeletion syndrome
Chromosomal deletion syndrome

§References

^ ^a ^b ^c Lewis, R. (2004). Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications (6th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0072951745.
^ LSDB — Controlled vocabulary terms at The GEN2PHEN Knowledge Centre. Posted Fri, 08/01/2010.
^ McLean CY, Reno PL, Pollen AA, Bassan AI, Capellini TD, Guenther C, Indjeian VB, Lim X, Menke DB, Schaar BT, Wenger AM, Bejerano G, Kingsley DM (March 2011). "Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits". Nature 471 (7337): 216–9. doi:10.1038/nature09774. PMC 3071156. PMID 21390129.
^ Ren, H (May 2005). "BAC-based PCR fragment microarray: high-resolution detection of chromosomal deletion and duplication breakpoints". Human Mutations 25 (5): 476–482. doi:10.1002/humu.20164. PMID 15832308.
^ Shmilovici, A.; Ben-Gal, I. (2007). "Using a VOM Model for Reconstructing Potential Coding Regions in EST Sequences". Journal of Computational Statistics 22 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1007/s00180-007-0021-8.

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