friction sound

WordNet

1. thorough; "a sound thrashing"
2. mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium; "falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them"
3. the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause; "the sound of rain on the roof"; "the beautiful sound of music"
4. the subjective sensation of hearing something; "he strained to hear the faint sounds" (同)auditory sensation
5. a large ocean inlet or deep bay; "the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast"
6. the sudden occurrence of an audible event; "the sound awakened them"
7. make a certain noise or sound; "She went `Mmmmm"; "The gun went `bang" (同)go
8. announce by means of a sound; "sound the alarm"
9. appear in a certain way; "This sounds interesting"
10. cause to sound; "sound the bell"; "sound a certain note"
11. financially secure and safe; "sound investments"; "a sound economy"
12. free from moral defect; "a man of sound character"
13. give off a certain sound or sounds; "This record sounds scratchy"
14. in good condition; free from defect or damage or decay; "a sound timber"; "the wall is sound"; "a sound foundation"
15. making or having a sound as specified; used as a combining form; "harsh-sounding"
16. a measure of the depth of water taken with a sounding line
17. the act of measuring depth of water (usually with a sounding line)
18. having volume or deepness; "sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal"; "the sounding cataract haunted me like a passion"- Wordsworth
19. the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another (同)rubbing
20. effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure (同)detrition, rubbing
21. a former French coin of low denomination; often used of any small amount of money; "he hasnt a sou to his name"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉〈U〉『音』,『音響』,響き・〈U〉音の聞こえる範囲・〈C〉(音声としての)音 / 《単数形で》(聞いたり,読んだりしたときに受ける)感じ,響き,調子・〈U〉(無意味な)音(声);騒音,ざわめき・『音を出す』,鳴る,響く・『聞こえる,思える』(進行形にできない) ・〈楽器・ベルなど〉‘を'鳴らす・(音で)…‘を'知らせる・…‘を'発音する・〈考えなど〉‘を'打診する
2. (物が)『傷んでいない』,腐っていない,完全な / (心身が)『健全な』,健康な / (財政的に)『安定した』,堅実な / (論理・判断などが)『的確な』,もっともな,分別ある / 合法的な / (道徳的に)高潔な,誠実な / (睡眠が)深い / 徹底した,思う存分の / ぐっすりと
3. (重りのついた糸で)〈海・川など〉‘の'水深を測る / (…について)〈意見・態度など〉‘を'さぐる,調べる《+『名』+『out』(+『out』+『名』)+『about』+『名』》 / 水深を測る / 〈鯨・魚などが〉深く潜る
4. 海峡,瀬戸(strait) / 入り江
5. 音を出す,鳴り響く
6. 〈U〉水深測量 / 《複数形で》(測量した)水深 / 《複数形で》水深測量できる水域
7. 〈U〉摩擦,こすること / 〈U〉〈C〉衝突,不和
8. スー(フランスの5サンチームまたは10サンチーム銅貨) / つまらないもの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/03 07:37:01」(JST)

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Manners of articulation
Obstruent     Stop     Affricate     Fricative         Sibilant Sonorant     Nasal     Flap/Tap     Approximant         Liquid     Vowel         Semivowel Lateral Trill
Airstreams
Pulmonic Ejective Implosive Lingual (clicks) Linguo-pulmonic Linguo-ejective
Related
Alliteration Assonance Consonance

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f]; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach; or the side of the tongue against the molars, in the case of Welsh [ɬ], appearing twice in the name Llanelli. This turbulent airflow is called frication. A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ] are examples of this.

Two other terms are spirant and strident, but their usage is less standardized. The former can be used synonymously with "fricative", or (as in e.g. Uralic linguistics) to refer to non-sibilant fricatives only. The latter can be used synonymously with "sibilant", but some authors include also labiodental and/or uvular fricatives in the class.

Sibilant fricatives

• [s] voiceless coronal sibilant, as in English sip
• [z] voiced coronal sibilant, as in English zip
• [sʼ] ejective coronal sibilant
• [s̪] voiceless dental sibilant
• [z̪] voiced dental sibilant
• [s̺] voiceless apical sibilant
• [z̺] voiced apical sibilant
• [s̠] voiceless postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
• [z̠] voiced postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
• [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as in English ship
• [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as the s in English vision
• [ɕ] voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
• [ʑ] voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
• [ʂ] voiceless retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)
• [ʐ] voiced retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)

All sibilants are coronal, but may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.

Central non-sibilant fricatives

• [ɸ] voiceless bilabial fricative
• [β] voiced bilabial fricative
• [f] voiceless labiodental fricative, as in English fine
• [v] voiced labiodental fricative, as in English vine
• [θ̼] voiceless linguolabial fricative
• [ð̼] voiced linguolabial fricative
• [θ], [θ̟] voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative, as in English thing
• [ð], [ð̟] voiced dental non-sibilant fricative, as in English that
• [θ̠], [ɹ̝̊] voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
• [ð̠], [ɹ̝] voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
• [r̝̊] voiceless trilled fricative
• [r̝] voiced trilled fricative
• [ç] voiceless palatal fricative
• [ʝ] voiced palatal fricative
• [x] voiceless velar fricative
• [ɣ] voiced velar fricative
• [ɧ] voiceless palatal-velar fricative (articulation disputed)
• [χ] voiceless uvular fricative
• [ħ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative
• [ʜ] voiceless epiglottal fricative

Lateral fricatives

• [ɬ] voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
• [ɮ] voiced alveolar lateral fricative
• [ɬ̥˔] or [ɬ̢] voiceless retroflex lateral fricative (also written [])
• [ʎ̥˔] or [ʎ̝̊] voiceless palatal lateral fricative (also [])
• [ʟ̝̊] voiceless velar lateral fricative (also [])
• [ʟ̝] voiced velar lateral fricative

The lateral fricative occurs as the ll of Welsh, as in Lloyd, Llewelyn, and the town of Machynlleth ([maˈxənɬɛθ]), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as Xhosa and Zulu), and in Mongolian.

Symbols used for both fricatives and approximants

• [ʁ] voiced uvular fricative
• [ʕ] voiced pharyngeal fricative
• [ʢ] voiced epiglottal fricative

No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeals and epiglottals, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters, [ʁ̝, ʕ̝, ʢ̝]. Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, [ʁ̞, ʕ̞, ʢ̞].

(The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: [β̞, ð̞]. However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)

Pseudo-fricatives

• [h] voiceless glottal transition, as in English hat
• [ɦ] breathy-voiced glottal transition

In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, in languages such as Arabic, they are true fricatives.

In addition, [ʍ] is usually called a "voiceless labial-velar fricative", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly-articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see voiceless palatal-velar fricative for a putative (and rather controversial) example.

Languages

H is not a fricative in English (see /h/). The other fricatives come in voiceless-voiced pairs: /f v, θ ð, s z, ʃ ʒ/.

Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives (29 not including /h/), some of which do not have good symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages display no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas [h] is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have [h] in their consonant inventory.

Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as the Dravidian and Austronesian languages, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as [z] and [v], which are very familiar to European speakers. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.

About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have unpaired voiced fricatives, i.e., a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.

This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have [ʒ] but lack [ʃ]. (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate [dʒ] but lack [tʃ].) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are, in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences, [ʝ], [β], [ð], [ʁ] and [ɣ].

See also

• Apical consonant
• Hush consonant
• Laminal consonant
• List of phonetics topics

References

External links

• Fricatives in English

UpToDate Contents

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• 2. Approach to the infant or child with a cardiac murmur
• 3. 幼児および小児における心疾患の疑い：紹介の基準 suspected heart disease in infants and children criteria for referral
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English Journal

• Computation of the temperature rise at the corneal endothelium during cataract surgery by modeling of heat generation inside the anterior chamber.

• Buschschlüter S1, Koch C2, von Eicken J3, Höh H3.
• Ultrasound in medicine & biology.Ultrasound Med Biol.2014 Oct;40(10):2431-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.05.017. Epub 2014 Aug 15.
• The corneal endothelium sustaining the transparency of the cornea is a vulnerable cell layer. Thermal exposure during phacoemulsification is considered to be a potential cause of post-operative cell loss. Knowledge of the temperature rise and particularly of its dependence on region and system setti
• PMID 25130447

• [New concepts in aligner therapy with the orthocaps system].

• Khan W.
• L' Orthodontie française.Orthod Fr.2014 Sep;85(3):253-64. doi: 10.1051/orthodfr/2014011. Epub 2014 Aug 28.
• Orthodontic tooth movement with aligners poses challenges peculiar to removable appliances. The mechanical limitations of aligners can be overcome, to some extent, by increasing the aligner grip on teeth as well as by choosing elastic materials in their fabrication. Sound planning together with the
• PMID 25158748

Japanese Journal

• その場生成したCuAl2を分散させたポーラスAlコア充填パイプ複合部材の創製

• 田島 敏宣,半谷 禎彦,齋藤 雅樹,小山 真司,藤井 英俊,孫 玉峰,森貞 好昭,桑水流 理,吉川 暢宏
• 日本機械学会論文集Ａ編 79(804), 1071-1075, 2013
• … Porous Al is superior in lightweight, high sound insulation and high energy absorption. … In this study, copper powder dispersed porous Al core filled in hollow pipe composite materials was fabricated by friction welding and in-situ formation of CuAl2 was attempted for the reinforcement of porous Al. …
• NAID 130003374688

• Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Pure Cu Plates

• Sun Yufeng,Xu Nan,Morisada Yoshiaki,Fujii Hidetoshi
• Transactions of JWRI 41(1), 53-58, 2012-06-00
• … The process window for the friction stir welding of fully annealed commercial pure Cu was determined at an applied load of 1000kg, which includes a welding speed that ranged from 200 to 800 mm/min, and a rotation speed that ranged from 500 to 1300 rpm. … In the stir zone of sound welds, a remarkably refined microstructure with the average grain size of 6.9 μm can be obtained by decreasing the rotation speed to 1000rpm. …
• NAID 120004921923

Related Links

• Friction Sounds

The most popular site for professional sound effects in the world.: friction sounds.

• Friction sound | Define Friction sound at Dictionary.com

friction sound n. The sound heard on auscultation caused by the rubbing together of two opposing serous surfaces that are roughened by an inflammatory exudate. Also called friction rub. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical ...

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関連記事	「sound」「friction」

「sound」

　　[★]

• n.

• 音

• v.

• 響く

• adj.

• 健全な

Use of the amblyopic eye is encouraged by discouraging use of the sound eye with an occluding patch or using drugs or glasses to blur vision in the sound eye.

関

salutary、tone

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「friction」

　　[★]

• 摩擦

関

attrition、frictional