WordNet

select (a team or individual player) for a game; "The Buckeyes fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl"
the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it (同)field of force, force_field
a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field" (同)field_of_operation, line of business
a region in which active military operations are in progress; "the army was in the field awaiting action"; "he served in the Vietnam theater for three years" (同)field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations
the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) (同)field of view
(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1; "the set of all rational numbers is a field"
a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found; "the diamond fields of South Africa"
a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; "he planted a field of wheat"
all of the horses in a particular horse race
all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected; "anthropologists do much of their work in the field"
answer adequately or successfully; "The lawyer fielded all questions from the press"
catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket
play as a fielder
to conduct a test or investigation; "We are experimenting with the new drug in order to fight this disease"
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (同)experimentation
a venture at something new or different; "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard"
the testing of an idea; "it was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is done in laboratories" (同)experimentation
try something new, as in order to gain experience; "Students experiment sexually"; "The composer experimented with a new style" (同)try out
(baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『野原』,[牧]草地;田;畑;《the fields》田野,田畑 / 〈C〉(雪・氷などの)原,広がり / 〈C〉(鉱物などの)産出地,埋蔵地 / 〈C〉『戦場』(battlefield);戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(スポーツの)『競技場』;(陸上のトラックに対して)フィールド / 〈C〉(ある用途の)場,地面 / 〈C〉(研究・活動などの)『分野』,領域 / 《the~》現地 / 〈C〉(電気・磁気などの)場;(レンズの)視界 / 〈C〉(絵・旗などの)地,下地 / 《the~》《集合的に》(キツネ狩り・競技の)参加者;(競馬の)出走馬;(野球の)守備選手 / (野球・クリケットで)〈打球〉‘を'さばく / 〈選手〉‘を'出場させる,守備につける / (野球・クリケットで)野手をつとめる
(…の)『実験』,試み《+『in』(『on, with』)+『名』》 / (…の)実験をする《+『on(upon, with)』+『名』》
(軽べつ・非難を表して)ええっ,まあ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/30 21:50:46」(JST)

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A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world (or as many experimentalists like to say, naturally occurring environments) rather than in the laboratory. Field experiments, like lab experiments, generally randomize subjects (or other sampling units) into treatment and control groups and compare outcomes between these groups. Field experiments are so named in order to draw a contrast with laboratory experiments, which enforce scientific control by testing a hypothesis in the artificial and highly controlled setting of a laboratory. Often used in the social sciences, and especially in economic analyses of education and health interventions, field experiments have the advantage that outcomes are observed in a natural setting rather than in a contrived laboratory environment. For this reason, field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments. However, like natural experiments, field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision and certainty in the lab. Yet some phenomena (e.g., voter turnout in an election) cannot be easily studied in a laboratory.

Examples include:

Clinical trials of pharmaceuticals are one example of field experiments.
Economists have used field experiments to analyze discrimination, health care programs, charitable fundraising, education, information aggregation in markets, and microfinance programs.
Engineers often conduct field tests of prototype products to validate earlier laboratory tests and to obtain broader feedback.

History

The use of experiments in the lab and the field have a long history in the physical, natural, and life sciences. Geology has a long history of field experiments, since the time of Avicenna,^{[citation needed]} while field experiments in anthropology date back to Biruni's study of India.^[1] Social psychology also has a history of field experiments, including work by pioneering figures Philip Zimbardo, Kurt Lewin and Stanley Milgram. In economics, Peter Bohm, University of Stockholm, was one of the first economists to take the tools of experimental economic methods and attempt to try them with field subjects. In the area of development economics, the pioneer work of Hans Binswanger in the late 1970s conducting experiments in India on risk behavior [1] should also be noted. The use of field experiments in economics has grown recently with the work of John A. List, Jeff Carpenter, Juan-Camilo Cardenas, Abigail Barr, Catherine Eckel, Michael Kremer, Paul Gertler, Glenn Harrison, Colin Camerer, Bradley Ruffle, Abhijit Banerjee Esther Duflo, Dean Karlan, Edward "Ted" Miguel, Sendhil Mullainathan, David H. Reiley, among others.

Field Experiments in International Development Research

Development economists have used field experiments to measure the effectiveness of poverty and health programs in developing countries. Organizations such as the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Center of Evaluation for Global Action at the University of California, and Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) in particular have received attention for their use of randomized field experiments to evaluate development programs. The aim of field experiments used in development research is to find causal relationships between policy interventions and development outcomes. Field experiments are seen by some academics as a rigorous way of testing general theories about economic and political behavior and most recently, field experiments have been used by political scientists to study political behavior, institutional dynamics, and conflict in the developing world.^[2]

In a randomized field experiment on an international development intervention, researchers would separate participants into two or more groups: a treatment group (or groups) and a control group. Members of the treatment group(s) then receive a particular development intervention being evaluated while the control group does not. (Often the control group receives the intervention later in the roll out of the study.) Field experiments have gained popularity in the field because they allow researchers to guard against selection bias, a problem present in many current studies of development interventions. Selection bias refers to the fact that, in non-experimental settings, the group receiving a development intervention is likely different from a group that is not receiving the intervention. This may occur because of characteristics that make some people more likely to opt into a program, or because of program targeting. Some academics dispute the claim that findings from field experiments are sufficient for establishing and testing theories about behavior. In particular, a hotly contested issue with regards to field experiments is their external validity.^[3] Given that field experiments necessarily take place in a specific geographic and political setting, the extent to which findings can be extrapolated to formulate a general theory regarding economic behavior is a concern.

Caveats

Fairness of randomization (e.g. in 'negative income tax' experiments communities may lobby for their community to get a cash transfer so the assignment is not purely random)
Contamination of the randomization
General equilibrium and "scaling-up"
Difficulty of replicability (field experiments often require special access or permission, or technical detail—e.g., the instructions for precisely how to replicate a field experiment are rarely if ever available in economics)
Limits on ability to obtain informed consent of participants
Field testing is always less controlled than laboratory testing. This increases the variability of the types and magnitudes of stress in field testing. The resulting data, therefore, are more varied: larger standard deviation, less precision and accuracy, etc. This leads to the use of larger sample sizes for field testing.

Sources

"Field Experiments." GW Harrison, JA List. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XLII (December 2004) pp. 1009–1055.

References

^ Ahmed, Akbar S. 2009. The First Anthropologist. Rain: RAI.
^ http://www.columbia.edu/~mh2245/papers1/HW_ARPS09.pdf Field Experiments and the Political Economy of Development Macartan Humphreys, Jeremy M. Weinstein Annual Review of Political Science. Volume 12, Page 367-378, Jun 2009
^ http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/800 Esther Duflo Field Experiments in Development Economics

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English Journal

Evaluation of overhead guide sign sheeting materials to increase visibility and safety for drivers.

Obeidat MS1, Rys MJ2, Rys A3, Du J4.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2016 Sep;56:136-43. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.03.016. Epub 2016 Apr 10.
Overhead guide sign visibility must increase to improve driver safety on roadways. Two methods increase overhead guide sign visibility: sign illumination and use of retroreflective sheeting materials. This paper compares three types of retroreflective sheeting: Engineering Grade (type I), Diamond Gr
PMID 27184321

Effects of elevation change on mental stress in high-voltage transmission tower construction workers.

Hsu FW1, Lin CJ2, Lee YH2, Chen HJ3.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2016 Sep;56:101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.03.015. Epub 2016 Apr 7.
High-voltage transmission tower construction is a high-risk operation due to the construction site locations, extreme climatic factors, elevated working surfaces, and narrow working space. To comprehensively enhance our understanding of the psychophysiological phenomena of workers in extremely high
PMID 27184317

Route complexity and simulated physical ageing negatively influence wayfinding.

Zijlstra E1, Hagedoorn M2, Krijnen WP3, van der Schans CP4, Mobach MP5.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2016 Sep;56:62-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.03.009. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
The aim of this age-simulation field experiment was to assess the influence of route complexity and physical ageing on wayfinding. Seventy-five people (aged 18-28) performed a total of 108 wayfinding tasks (i.e., 42 participants performed two wayfinding tasks and 33 performed one wayfinding task), o
PMID 27184311