ネコ伝染性腹膜炎ウイルス

関: FECV、feline coronavirus、feline enteric coronavirus、FIPV

WordNet

of or relating to infection; "infectious hospital"; "infectious disease"
caused by infection or capable of causing infection; "viruses and other infective agents"; "a carrier remains infective without himself showing signs of the disease" (同)infective
easily spread; "fear is exceedingly infectious; children catch it from their elders"- Bertrand Russell
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
of or relating to cats; "feline fur"
any of various lithe-bodied roundheaded fissiped mammals, many with retractile claws (同)felid
inflammation of the peritoneum (同)peritoneal inflammation

PrepTutorEJDIC

(病気が)伝染する,伝染性の / (影響などが)感化しやすい,うつりやすい
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
ネコ科(属)の,猫の / 猫のような / ネコ科の動物(猫・トラ・ヒョウなど)
腹膜炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/08 14:18:19」(JST)

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FIP-infected kidney showing inflammatory response

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a usually fatal, incurable disease that affects cats. It is believed by some to be caused by Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV), which is a mutation of Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) - (Feline Coronavirus FeCoV). Although there appears to be a connection between FIP and feline coronavirus, no clear cause and effect has yet been proven. Experts do not always agree on the specifics of FIP. However, the most common theory is that the normally benign FECV mutates into FIPV. The mutated virus has the ability to invade and grow in certain white blood cells, namely macrophages. The immune system's response causes an intense inflammatory reaction in the containing tissues. This disease is generally fatal [1]. However, its incidence rate is roughly 1 in 5000 for households with one or two cats. A nasally administered vaccine for FIP is available, but controversial and isn't proven to be highly effective. [2]. Great strides are being made with an experimental polyprenyl immunostimulant being manufactered by Sass and Sass and tested by Dr. Al Legendre. In one case study, a female cat diagnosed with dry FIP has survived 26 months from the date of definitive diagnosis (Fall 2009).

See also the special article about Feline Coronavirus.

Transmission and infection

FECV is very common, especially in places where large groups of cats are kept together (animal shelters, catteries, etc.). Cats become infected by inhaling or ingesting the virus. The most commonly cited transmission source is feces, although contaminated surfaces such as food dishes and clothing can transmit the virus as well.

Despite the prevalence of FECV, most infected cats do not develop FIP. Often, exposure to FECV produces no clinical signs, but may cause a mild diarrhea. Therefore, a cat without clinical signs may still be an FECV carrier and may pass the virus to another cat. In any cat infected with FECV there is a chance that the virus may mutate into the FIP causing form. This chance is increased for cats that are immune-compromised, including very young and very old cats. There is also thought to be a genetic component to susceptibility to viral mutation.

Signs

FIP effusive fluid

There are two main forms of FIP: effusive (wet) and non-effusive (dry). While both types are fatal, the effusive form is more common (60-70% of all cases are wet) and progresses more rapidly than the non-effusive form.

Effusive (wet)

The hallmark clinical sign of effusive FIP is the accumulation of fluid within the abdomen or chest, which can cause breathing difficulties. Other symptoms include lack of appetite, fever, weight loss, jaundice, and diarrhea.

Non-effusive (dry)

Dry FIP will also present with lack of appetite, fever, jaundice, diarrhea, and weight loss, but there will not be an accumulation of fluid. Typically a cat with dry FIP will show ocular or neurological signs. For example, the cat may develop difficulty in standing up or walking, becoming functionally paralyzed over time. Loss of vision is another possible outcome of the disease.

Diagnosis

Cytology of FIP-induced fluid showing neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes

The signs associated with FIP are often non-specific, which can cause diagnosis to be very difficult. There is as yet no definitive diagnostic test for FIP. Diagnosis may include a combination strong clinical suspicion, physical examination findings, presence of abdominal fluid with characteristic chemistry changes and examination of affected tissues for the FIP virus (this is usually performed post-mortem, but can be performed via tissue biopsy). Histopathological examination of tissue samples is usually the cheapest available diagnostic test, but its sensitivity and specificity for FIP is questionable. A polymerase chain reaction test is also available for use with fluid or certain tissue samples; however, its efficacy is currently being reviewed.

More commonly, a presumptive diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and evaluation of abdominal or chest fluid, if available. Fluid caused by FIP tends to be yellow in color and have elevated protein levels. Blood tests can also be performed to bolster a presumptive diagnosis by looking for coronavirus antibodies and elevated protein. Coronavirus titers are NOT considered diagnostic in and of themselves due to the ubiquity of FeCoV, but may be used in conjunction with clinical symptoms to make an FIP diagnosis. It is important to note that cats with higher titres of FCoV are no more likely to develop FIP than those with lower titres.

In the presence of abdominal or chest fluid, a simple test called Rivalta test can be used to differentiate fluid resulting from FIP from fluids resulting from some other disease with very good accuracy.

Treatment

Accepted wisdom is that there is no cure for FIP; treatment is symptomatic and palliative only, i.e. typically the owner is advised to make the cat as comfortable as possible. Prednisone or other immunosuppressive drugs prescribed by a veterinarian may help to prolong the cat's life for a few weeks or months, but may be contraindicated in certain cases due to concomitant infection(s), although this risk can be mitigated somewhat by also treating with antibiotics. Newer approaches using immune modulators are being developed by several companies.

Effusive FIP usually progresses too rapidly for any meaningful therapy to be attempted.

Quarantine is not necessary as FIP is not truly an infectious disease. Feline Enteric Coronavirus is shed in the feces and can be passed on to other cats, however, it is the mutated form of the virus that leads to FIP. This form is only found in macrophages and is therefore not shed and not contagious.

As FIP signs can be easily overlooked, it is highly advised to have your cat examined by your family veterinarian at any signs of abdominal distention, changes in the eyes, chronic diarrhea, unusual lethargy or respiratory infection. While treatment will only be symptomatic, it may prolong the life of the cat as well as soften the blow to the owner. FIP patients can benefit from cytotoxic drugs such as methotrexate and cytoxan, and from corticosteroids such as methylprednisone or prednisolone; although it is not a cure, it often improves appetite and weight, and can make the cat less lethargic. In some cases, cytotoxic drugs can induce a brief remission, and even corticosteroids alone can give the cat 3-5 more months of good quality life. In spite of these treatments, however, prognosis remains extremely poor.

External links

[3] Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Coronavirus Website
[4]
FIP: An Overview from Veterinary Partner
FIP Informational Brochure from the Cornell Feline Health Center
Winn Feline Foundation
UC Davis Center for Companion Animal Health
Animal Health Channel
Feline Advisory Bureau
www.hopeforfip.org Comprehensive Website on FIP^{[dead link]} (Turkish and English) Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
FIP (Felipedia.org)
SOCKFIP.org FIP Information and support resources
FIP Amongst Siblings (Personal Account)

UpToDate Contents

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2. 持続的腹膜透析における真菌性腹膜炎 fungal peritonitis in continuous peritoneal dialysis
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4. コロナウイルス coronaviruses
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English Journal

Tackling feline infectious peritonitis via reverse genetics.

Thiel V1, Thiel HJ2, Tekes G2.
Bioengineered.Bioengineered.2014 Jul 24;5(6). [Epub ahead of print]
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) and represents one of the most important lethal infectious diseases of cats. To date, there is no efficacious prevention and treatment, and our limited knowledge on FIP pathogenesis is mainly based on analysis of experimen
PMID 25057920

The utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests.

Addie DD1, le Poder S2, Burr P3, Decaro N4, Graham E5, Hofmann-Lehmann R6, Jarrett O5, McDonald M5, Meli ML6.
Journal of feline medicine and surgery.J Feline Med Surg.2014 Jun 25. pii: 1098612X14538873. [Epub ahead of print]
Eight different tests for antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV) were evaluated for attributes that are important in situations in veterinary practice. We compared four indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFAT), one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (FCoV Immunocomb; Biogal) and thre
PMID 24966245

Ocular signs, diagnosis and long-term treatment with allopurinol in a cat with leishmaniasis.

Richter1, Schaarschmidt-Kiener2, Krudewig3.
Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde.Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd.2014 Jun;156(6):289-94. doi: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000593.
in

English, GermanDieser Fallbericht beschreibt eine in der Schweiz lebende und an Leishmaniose erkrankte Katze mit vorwiegend Augenveränderungen und deren Behandlung. Die Katze wurde 4 Jahre zuvor aus Spanien importiert und wurde initial mit chronischer Uveitis vorgestellt. Blutuntersuchungen

PMID 24867242

Japanese Journal

Characterization of T helper (Th)1- and Th2-type immune responses caused by baculovirus-expressed protein derived from the S2 domain of feline infectious peritonitis virus, and exploration of the Th1 and Th2 epitopes in a mouse model

Satoh Ryoichi,Kobayashi Hiroshige,Takano Tomomi [他],MOTOKAWA Kenji,KUSUHARA Hajime,HOHDATSU Tsutomu
Microbiology and immunology 54(12), 726-733, 2010-12-20
NAID 10029546462

小動物におけるウイルス性疾患の遺伝子診断法と治療

田中良和
予防動物医学 1(2), 53-62, 2009
NAID 40017342703

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Occurs Upon Re-Infection with the Identical Serotype Virus in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection(Virology)

Takano Tomomi,Kawakami Chisako,Yamada Shinji [他],SATOH Ryoichi,HOHDATSU Tsutomu
The journal of veterinary medical science 70(12), 1315-1321, 2008-12-25
… Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is classified into serotype I and serotype II according to the amino acid sequence of its spike(S) protein. …
NAID 110007021710

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「FIPV」「FECV」「feline coronavirus」「ネコ伝染性腹膜炎ウイルス」「feline enteric coronavirus」
関連記事	「infectious」「feline」「virus」