WordNet

thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/10 09:58:52」(JST)

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Ependyma is the thin epithelial-like lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration.

Ependymal cells

The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells called ependymocytes, a type of glial cell. These cells line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These are nervous tissue cells with a ciliated simple columnar^[1] form much like that of some mucosal epithelial cells.

The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle-like extensions that attach to astrocytes.

Function

CSF

Lining the CSF-filled ventricles, the ependymal cells play an important role in the production and regulation of CSF. Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the CNS. Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together form a system called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.

Modified tight junctions between ependymal cells control fluid release across the epithelium. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord, which is why sampling of CSF (e.g. through a "spinal tap") provides a window to the CNS.

Neuroregeneration

Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm provided evidence that ependymal cells act as reservoir cells in the forebrain, which can be activated after stroke and as in vivo and in vitro stem cells in the spinal cord. However, these cells did not self-renew and were subsequently depleted as they generated new neurons, thus failing to satisfy the requirement for stem cells.^[2]^[3] One study observed that ependymal cells from the lining of the lateral ventricle might be a source for cells which can be transplanted into the cochlea to reverse hearing loss.^[4]

Pathology

Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependymal cells most commonly found in the fourth ventricle.

References

^ Histology, a text in atlas, M. Ross 2011, 6th edition page 367
^ Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999). "Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system". Cell 96 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3. PMID 9989494.
^ Carlén M, Meletis K, Göritz C, Darsalia V, Evergren E, Tanigaki K, Amendola M, Barnabé-Heider F, Yeung MS, Naldini L, Honjo T, Kokaia Z, Shupliakov O, Cassidy RM, Lindvall O, Frisén J (2009). "Forebrain ependymal cells are Notch-dependent and generate neuroblasts and astrocytes after stroke.". Nature Neuroscience 12 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1038/nn.2268. PMID 19234458.
^ "Brain cell hope for hearing loss". BBC News. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-09.

External links

Illustrations at ucsf.edu
Atlas at mcg.edu

UpToDate Contents

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4. 脳室上衣細胞腫 ependymoma
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English Journal

Expansion of the lateral ventricles and ependymal deficits underlie the hydrocephalus evident in mice lacking the transcription factor NFIX.

Vidovic D1, Harris L1, Harvey TJ1, Evelyn Heng YH1, Smith AG1, Osinski J2, Hughes J3, Thomas P3, Gronostajski RM2, Bailey TL4, Piper M5.
Brain research.Brain Res.2015 Aug 7;1616:71-87. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.057. Epub 2015 May 7.
Nuclear factor one X (NFIX) has been shown to play a pivotal role during the development of many regions of the brain, including the neocortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Mechanistically, NFIX has been shown to promote neural stem cell differentiation through the activation of astrocyte-spe
PMID 25960350

Cytoplasmic 5-Lipoxygenase Staining Is a Highly Sensitive Marker of Human Tumors of the Choroid Plexus.

Xingfu W1, Lifeng Z2, Yupeng C1, Xueyong L1, Wei L3, Yinghao Y3, Suqin C1, Mi W1, Sheng Z4.
American journal of clinical pathology.Am J Clin Pathol.2015 Aug;144(2):295-304. doi: 10.1309/AJCPMAIAATN88OJA.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the immunoreactivity status of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in normal tissues, in tumors of the human choroid plexus, and in other brain tumors.METHODS: In total, 135 cases of various types of brain tumors were selected. Tissue samples were immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal an
PMID 26185315

Endogenous neural stem cell responses to stroke and spinal cord injury.

Grégoire CA1,2,3, Goldenstein BL1,2,4, Floriddia EM5, Barnabé-Heider F5, Fernandes KJ1,2,4.
Glia.Glia.2015 Aug;63(8):1469-82. doi: 10.1002/glia.22851. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
Stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) are among the most frequent causes of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. The personal and financial costs for affected individuals, their families, and the broader communities are enormous. Although the mamm
PMID 25921491

Japanese Journal

Spinal Intramedullary Ependymal Cyst in a 51-year Old Female : 10 years' Follow-up from Partial Resection (日本脊椎脊髄病学会特集号)

Journal of spine research : official journal of the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research 6(9), 1416-1421, 2015-09
NAID 40020600893

Molecular Biology of Pediatric Hydrocephalus and Hydrocephalus-related Diseases

Neurologia medico-chirurgica 55(8), 640-646, 2015
NAID 130005093133

Molecular Biology of Pediatric Hydrocephalus and Hydrocephalus-related Diseases

Neurologia medico-chirurgica advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005091045

「脳室上皮」

Ependyma
	Section of central canal of the spinal cord, showing ependymal and neuroglial cells
	Photomicrograph of normal ependymal cells at 400× magnification in human autopsy tissue
Identifiers
MeSH	A08.186.211.276.460
TA	A14.1.00.022
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]