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the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems (同)entoderm, endoblast, entoblast, hypoblast

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/02 16:01:17」(JST)

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Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early human embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer), with the endoderm being the innermost layer.^[1] Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.^{[citation needed]}

The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.^{[citation needed]}

Production

The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm. The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.^[2]

Layer	Category	System
General^[3]	Gastrointestinal tract.	the entire alimentary canal except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas
General	Respiratory tract	the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs
General	Endocrine glands and organs	the lining of the follicles of the thyroid gland and the epithelial component of the thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).
	Auditory system	the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity
	Urinary system	the urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.^[4]

In humans,the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development.

Additional images

Section through the embryo.
Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua
Signaling pathway to inducing endoderm

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.
^ Gilbert, SF. "Endoderm". Sinauer Associates. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ The General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
^ Zaret KS (October 2001). "Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11 (5): 568–74. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00234-3. PMID 11532400.

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English Journal

Role of COUP-TFI during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of P19 cells to endodermal cells.

Pickens BS, Teets BW, Soprano KJ, Soprano DR.SourceDepartments of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2013 Apr;228(4):791-800. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24228.
Retinoic acid (RA) is a positive regulator of P19 cell differentiation. Silencing of pre-B cell leukemia transcription factors (PBXs) expression in P19 cells (AS cells) results in a failure of these cells to differentiate to endodermal cells upon RA treatment. Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Tra
PMID 23018522

Functional evaluation of ES cell-derived endodermal populations reveals differences between Nodal and Activin A-guided differentiation.

Chen AE, Borowiak M, Sherwood RI, Kweudjeu A, Melton DA.SourceDepartment of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Development (Cambridge, England).Development.2013 Feb;140(3):675-86. doi: 10.1242/dev.085431.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold great promise with respect to their potential to be differentiated into desired cell types. Of interest are organs derived from the definitive endoderm, such as the pancreas and liver, and animal studies have revealed an essential role for Nodal in development of the d
PMID 23293299
PMID 23336074

Japanese Journal

花序の形態の制御で働くEPFL型ペプチドホルモンとその受容体(<特集>植物ペプチドシグナル)

打田直行
植物の生長調節 48(1), 67-72, 2013-05-31
… Interestingly, the endodermal expression of EPFL4 or EPFL6 and also the activity of ER in phloem are critical in the inflorescence regulation. …
NAID 110009615971

Hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells by murine fetal liver mesenchymal cells.

Ishii Takamichi,Yasuchika Kentaro,Ikai Iwao
Methods in molecular biology 946, 469-478, 2013
… Utilizing these cells, we employ a two-step procedure for hepatic maturation of ESCs: first, ESCs are differentiated into endodermal cells or hepatic progenitor cells, and second, ESC-derived endodermal cells are matured into functional hepatocytes by coculture with murine fetal liver mesenchymal cells. …
NAID 120005173558