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the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems (同)entoderm, endoblast, entoblast, hypoblast

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/28 13:35:30」(JST)

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Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer), with the endoderm being the innermost layer.^[1] Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.^{[citation needed]}

The endoderm consists at first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of multiple systems.^{[citation needed]}

In plant biology, endoderm corresponds to the innermost part of the cortex (bark) in young shoots and young roots often consisting of a single cell layer. As the plant becomes older, more endoderm will lignify.

Production

The following chart shows the tissues produced by the endoderm. The embryonic endoderm develops into the interior linings of two tubes in the body, the digestive and respiratory tube.^[2]

Layer	Category	System
General^[3]	Gastrointestinal tract	the entire alimentary canal except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas
General	Respiratory tract	the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs
General	Endocrine glands and organs	the lining of the follicles of the thyroid gland and the epithelial component of the thymus (i.e. thymic epithelial cells).
	Auditory system	the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity
	Urinary system	the urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Liver and pancreas cells are believed to derive from a common precursor.^[4]

In humans, the endoderm can differentiate into distinguishable organs after 5 weeks of embryonic development.

Additional images

Section through the embryo.
Section through ovum imbedded in the uterine decidua
Signaling pathway to inducing endoderm

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Langman's Medical Embryology, 11th edition. 2010.
^ Gilbert, SF. "Endoderm". Sinauer Associates. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ The General category denotes that all or most of the animals containing this layer produce the adjacent product.
^ Zaret KS (October 2001). "Hepatocyte differentiation: from the endoderm and beyond". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11 (5): 568–74. PMID 11532400. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(00)00234-3.

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English Journal

Design of a nanocomposite substrate inducing adult stem cell assembly and progression toward an Epiblast-like or Primitive Endoderm-like phenotype via mechanotransduction.

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Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2017 Nov;144:211-229. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.015. Epub 2017 Aug 16.
PMID 28841465

Mechanism of arsenite toxicity in embryonic stem cells.

Beeravolu N1,2, McKee C1,2, Chaudhry GR1,2.
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Pancreatic Endoderm-Derived From Diabetic Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generates Glucose-Responsive Insulin-Secreting Cells.

Rajaei B1, Shamsara M2, Amirabad LM2,3, Massumi M4,5, Sanati MH1.
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Japanese Journal

Preferential emergence of cell types expressing markers for primitive endoderm lineages in mouse embryonic stem cells expressing exogenous EGAM1 homeoprotein

Soma Miki,Iha Momoe,Kihara Yumi [他]
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(3), 342-346, 2012-09
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Induction of Differentiation into Endoderm, Insulin-Secreting Cells from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Activin A and Retinoic Acid (Mini Symposium : Contemporary Overview of the Role of Embryonic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine and ART)