WordNet

a conductor used to make electrical contact with some part of a circuit
a negatively charged electrode that is the source of electrons entering an electrical device
the positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current
a positively charged electrode by which electrons leave an electrical device
the negatively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current

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電極
(電気の)陰極
(電気の)陽極(positive pole)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/18 15:07:47」(JST)

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Electrodes used in arc welding

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte or a vacuum). The word was coined by William Whewell at the request of the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words elektron, meaning amber (from which the word electricity is derived), and hodos, a way.^[1]^[2]

Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells

An electrode in an electrochemical cell is referred to as either an anode or a cathode (words that were coined by William Whewell at Faraday's request).^[1] The anode is now defined as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, and the cathode as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either the anode or the cathode depending on the direction of current through the cell. A bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell.

Primary cell

A primary cell is a special type of electrochemical cell in which the reaction cannot be reversed, and the identities of the anode and cathode are therefore fixed. The anode is always the negative electrode. The cell can be discharged but not recharged.

Secondary cell

A secondary cell, for example a rechargeable battery, is a cell in which the chemical reactions are reversible. When the cell is being charged, the anode becomes the positive (+) and the cathode the negative (−) electrode. This is also the case in an electrolytic cell. When the cell is being discharged, it behaves like a primary cell, with the anode as the negative and the cathode as the positive electrode.

Other anodes and cathodes

In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity (diodes, electrolytic capacitors) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−). The electrons enter the device through the cathode and exit the device through the anode. Many devices have other electrodes to control operation, e.g., base, gate, control grid.

In a three-electrode cell, a counter electrode, also called an auxiliary electrode, is used only to make a connection to the electrolyte so that a current can be applied to the working electrode. The counter electrode is usually made of an inert material, such as a noble metal or graphite, to keep it from dissolving.

Welding electrodes

In arc welding an electrode is used to conduct current through a workpiece to fuse two pieces together. Depending upon the process, the electrode is either consumable, in the case of gas metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding, or non-consumable, such as in gas tungsten arc welding. For a direct current system the weld rod or stick may be a cathode for a filling type weld or an anode for other welding processes. For an alternating current arc welder the welding electrode would not be considered an anode or cathode.

Alternating current electrodes

For electrical systems which use alternating current the electrodes are the connections from the circuitry to the object to be acted upon by the electric current but are not designated anode or cathode because the direction of flow of the electrons changes periodically, usually many times per second.

Uses

Electrodes are used to provide current through nonmetal objects to alter them in numerous ways and to measure conductivity for numerous purposes. Examples include:

Electrodes for fuel cells
Electrodes for medical purposes, such as EEG (for recording brain activity), ECG (recording heart beats), ECT (electrical brain stimulation), defibrillator (recording and delivering cardiac stimulation)
Electrodes for electrophysiology techniques in biomedical research
Electrodes for execution by the electric chair
Electrodes for electroplating
Electrodes for arc welding
Electrodes for cathodic protection
Electrodes for grounding
Electrodes for chemical analysis using electrochemical methods
Inert electrodes for electrolysis (made of platinum)
Membrane electrode assembly

Chemically modified electrodes

Chemically modified electrodes are electrodes that have their surfaces chemically modified to change the electrode's physical, chemical, electrochemical, optical, electrical, and transport properties. These electrodes are used for advanced purposes in research and investigation.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b Weinberg, Steven (2003). The Discovery of Subatomic Particles Revised Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-0-521-82351-7. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Faraday, Michael (1834). "On Electrical Decomposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-01-17. ( (in which Faraday coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte, electrolyze)
^ Durst, R., Baumner, A., Murray, R., Buck, R., & Andrieux, C., "Chemically modified electrodes: Recommended terminology and definitions (PDF)", IUPAC, 1997, pp 1317–1323.

UpToDate Contents

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1. カルディオバージョンおよび除細動の基本原則と手技 basic principles and technique of cardioversion and defibrillation
2. 小児における除細動およびカルディオバージョン（自動体外式除細動期を含む） defibrillation and cardioversion in children including automated external defibrillation
3. 成人における電撃療法（ECT）施行法 technique for performing electroconvulsive therapy ect in adults
4. 心臓埋め込み型電気デバイスの感染 infections involving cardiac implantable electronic devices
5. クロピドグレルへの無反応および耐性 nonresponse and resistance to clopidogrel

English Journal

Efficiently Visible-Light Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of As(III) at Low Positive Biasing Using Pt/TiO2 Nanotube Electrode.

Qin Y1, Li Y2, Tian Z3, Wu Y4, Cui Y5.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1248-5. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
A constant current deposition method was selected to load highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes in this paper, to extend the excited spectrum range of TiO2-based photocatalysts to visible light. The morphology, elemental composition, and light absorption capability of as-obtained Pt/Ti
PMID 26787051

Electrochemical Properties of Nanoporous Carbon Material in Aqueous Electrolytes.

Rachiy BI1, Budzulyak IM2, Vashchynsky VM3, Ivanichok NY4, Nykoliuk MO5.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1241-z. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
The paper is devoted to the study of the behavior of capacitor type electrochemical system in the К(+)-containing aqueous electrolytes. Nanoporous carbon material (NCM) was used as the electrode material, obtained by carbonization of plant raw materials with the following chemical activation. Optim
PMID 26759354

Synthesis of PtM (M=Co, Ni)/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Li J1, Fu X2, Mao Z3, Yang Y4, Qiu T5, Wu Q6.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1208-5. Epub 2016 Jan 5.
A series of PtM (M=Co, Ni)/reduced graphene oxide (rG-O) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffract
PMID 26732276

Japanese Journal

放電軸成形法を用いた微細化限界に関する研究

平尾篤利
工学院大学研究報告 (118), 125-129, 2015-04-30
… In thisstudy, we approach a new method of micro-pin electrode formation by scanning EDM. … A micro-pin electrode is fabricatedby scanning EDM, in which the tool electrode approaches the side of the working plate in the horizontal plane.The rotating electrode is moved through the inside of the working plate. … A diameter of electrode becomes thin rapidlywith progress of time. …
NAID 110009896044