WordNet

putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form (同)redaction
supervise the publication of; "The same family has been editing the influential newspaper for almost 100 years"
cut or eliminate; "she edited the juiciest scenes" (同)blue-pencil, delete
cut and assemble the components of; "edit film"; "cut recording tape" (同)cut, edit out
prepare for publication or presentation by correcting, revising, or adapting; "Edit a book on lexical semantics"; "she edited the letters of the politician so as to omit the most personal passages" (同)redact
the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list); "the job of compiling the inventory took several hours" (同)compiling
something that is compiled (as into a single book or file) (同)digest
use a computer program to translate source code written in a particular programming language into computer-readable machine code that can be executed
the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film (同)cutting
putting something into a form suitable for a printer

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'編集する / 〈原稿など〉‘を'校訂する,〈本など〉‘を'監修する / (…から)〈文章など〉‘を'削除する《+『名』+『out of』+『名』》
編集;〈C〉編集した物
〈資料など〉'を'まとめる / 〈辞書など〉'を'編集する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/12 06:40:54」(JST)

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"Quarters of the news editor," one of a group of four photos in the 1900 brochure, Seattle and the Orient, which was collectively captioned, "The Seattle Daily Times—Editorial Department."

Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible and film media used to convey information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate and complete work.^[1]

The editing process often begins with the author's idea for the work itself, continuing as a collaboration between the author and the editor as the work is created. As such, editing can involve creative skills, human relations and a precise set of methods.^[2]^[3]

Editors work on producing an issue of Bild, West Berlin, 1977. Previous front pages are affixed to the wall behind them.

There are various editorial positions in publishing. Typically, one finds editorial assistants reporting to the senior-level editorial staff and directors who report to senior executive editors. Senior executive editors are responsible for developing a product for its final release. The smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap.

The top editor at many publications may be known as the chief editor, executive editor, or simply the editor. A frequent and highly regarded contributor to a magazine may acquire the title of editor-at-large or contributing editor. Mid-level newspaper editors often manage or help to manage sections, such as business, sports and features. In U.S. newspapers, the level below the top editor is usually the managing editor.

In the book publishing industry, editors may organize anthologies and other compilations, produce definitive editions of a classic author's works (scholarly editor), and organize and manage contributions to a multi-author book (symposium editor or volume editor). Obtaining manuscripts or recruiting authors is the role of an Acquisitions Editor or a commissioning editor in a publishing house.^[4] Finding marketable ideas and presenting them to appropriate authors are the responsibilities of a sponsoring editor.

Copy editors correct spelling, grammar and align writings to house style. Changes to the publishing industry since the 1980s have resulted in nearly all copy editing of book manuscripts being outsourced to freelance copy editors.^[4]

At newspapers and wire services, copy editors write headlines and work on more substantive issues, such as ensuring accuracy, fairness, and taste. In some positions, they design pages and select news stories for inclusion. At U.K. and Australian newspapers, the term is sub-editor. They may choose the layout of the publication and communicate with the printer. These editors may have the title of layout or design editor or (more so in the past) makeup editor.

Scholarly books and journals

Within the publishing environment, editors of scholarly books are of three main types, each with particular responsibilities:

Acquisitions editor (or commissioning editor in Britain), who contracts with the author to produce the copy
Project editor or production editor, who sees the copy through its stages from manuscript to bound book and usually assumes most of the budget and schedule responsibilities
Copy editor or manuscript editor, who prepares the copy for conversion into printed form.

In the case of multi-author edited volumes, before the manuscript is delivered to the publisher it has undergone substantive and linguistic editing by the volume's editor, who works independently of the publisher.

As for scholarly journals, where spontaneous submissions are more common than commissioned works, the position of journal editor or editor-in-chief replaces the acquisitions editor of the book publishing environment, while the roles of production editor and copy editor remain. However, another editor is sometimes involved in the creation of scholarly research articles. Called the authors' editor, this editor works with authors to get a manuscript fit for purpose before it is submitted to a scholarly journal for publication.

The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying the standards of the publisher to the copy. Most scholarly publishers have a preferred style that usually specifies a particular dictionary and style manual—for example, the Chicago Manual of Style, the MLA Style Manual or the APA Publication Manual in the US, or the New Hart's Rules in the U.K.

Technical editing

Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, identifying usage errors and ensuring adherence to a style guide.

Technical editing may include the correction of grammatical mistakes, misspellings, mistyping, incorrect punctuation, inconsistencies in usage, poorly structured sentences, wrong scientific terms, wrong units and dimensions, inconsistency in significant figures, technical ambivalence, technical disambiguation, statements conflicting with general scientific knowledge, correction of synopsis, content, index, headings and subheadings, correcting data and chart presentation in a research paper or report, and correcting errors in citations.

Large companies dedicate experienced writers to the technical editing function. Organizations that cannot afford dedicated editors typically have experienced writers peer-edit text produced by less experienced colleagues.

It helps if the technical editor is familiar with the subject being edited. The "technical" knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology. But essential general skills are attention to detail, the ability to sustain focus while working through lengthy pieces of text on complex topics, tact in dealing with writers, and excellent communication skills.

Editing services

Editing is a growing field of work in the service industry. Paid editing services may be provided by specialized editing firms or by self-employed (freelance) editors.

Editing firms may employ a team of in-house editors, rely on a network of individual contractors or both.^[5] Such firms are able to handle editing in a wide range of topics and genres, depending on the skills of individual editors. The services provided by these editors may be varied and can include proofreading, copy editing, line editing, developmental editing, editing for search engine optimization (SEO), etc.

Self-employed editors work directly for clients (e.g., authors, publishers) or offer their services through editing firms, or both. They may specialize in a type of editing (e.g., copy editing) and in a particular subject area. Those who work directly for authors and develop professional relationships with them are called authors' editors.

References

^ Mamishev, Alexander, Williams, Sean, Technical Writing for Teams: The STREAM Tools Handbook, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Hoboken, 2009, p.128
^ "Encarta Dictionary definition of "editing"". Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
^ "Encarta Dictionary definition of "editor"". Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
^ ^a ^b Poland, Louise, The business, Craft and Profession of the Book Editor, in Carter, David, Galligan, Anne, (eds.), Making books: contemporary Australian publishing, Queensland University Press, 2007, p.100
^ Appiah, Bernard (2009). "Science editing at an Indian firm: perspectives of two US visitors" (PDF). Science Editing 32 (4): 118–119.

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5. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

English Journal

Characterization of Escherichia coli K1 colominic acid-specific murine antibodies that are cross-protective against Neisseria meningitidis groups B, C, and Y.

Park IH1, Lin J2, Choi JE3, Shin JS4.Author information 1Ewha Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea.2Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.3Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-707, Republic of Korea.4Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jsshin6203@yuhs.ac.AbstractThe capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NMGB) is α(2-8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which is almost identical to the O-acetylated colominic acid (CA) of Escherichia coli K1 Although E. coli K1 has long been known to elicit cross-protective antibodies against NMGB, limited information on these highly cross-reactive antibodies is available. In the present study, six new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to both E. coli K1 CA and NMGB PS were produced by immunizing Balb/c mice with E. coli K1, and their serological and molecular properties were characterized, together with 12 previously reported hybridoma mAbs. Among the bactericidal mAbs against NMGB, both HmenB5 and HmenB18, which are genetically identical though of different mouse origins, were able to kill serogroup C and Y meningococci. Based on SPR sensograms, the binding affinity of HmenB18 for PS was suggested to be associated with at least two different binding forces: the polyanionicity of Neu5Ac and an interaction with the O-acetyl groups of Neu5Ac. Molecular analysis showed that similar to most mAbs presenting a few restricted V region germline genes, the V region genes of HmenB18 were 979% and 986% identical to the closest IGHV1-1401 and IGLV15-10301 germline gene alleles, respectively, and V-D-J editing in this mAb generated an unusually long VH-CDR3 sequence (17 amino acid residues), containing one basic arginine, two hydrophobic isoleucine residues and a 'YAMDY' motif. Models of the mAb combining sites demonstrate that most of the mAbs exhibited a wide, shallow groove with a high overall positive charge, as seen in mAb735, which is specific for a polyanionic helical epitope. In contrast, the combining site of HmenB18 was shown to be wide but to present a relatively weak positive charge, consistent with the extensive recognition by HmenB18 of the various structural epitopes formed with the Neu5Ac residue and its O-acetylation.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 Jun;59(2):142-53. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.016. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
The capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NMGB) is α(2-8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which is almost identical to the O-acetylated colominic acid (CA) of Escherichia coli K1 Although E. coli K1 has long been known to elicit cross-protective antibodies aga
PMID 24603121

Homologous recombination contributes to the repair of zinc-finger-nuclease induced double strand breaks in pig primary cells and facilitates recombination with exogenous DNA.

Klymiuk N1, Fezert P2, Wünsch A2, Kurome M2, Kessler B2, Wolf E3.Author information 1Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences of the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany. Electronic address: n.klymiuk@gen.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.2Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences of the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.3Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Sciences of the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Hackerstrasse 27, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center of the Ludwig-Maximilian University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.AbstractSite-specific nucleases have become powerful tools for genome editing by the introduction of end-joining-mediated mutations, but it is unclear to which extent induced double strand breaks will also facilitate homologous recombination with exogenous DNA. This question is, however, of particular importance for somatic cells, which have to be modified for the generation of large animal models, but, on the other hand, have also been described to be reluctant to recombination-based DNA repair. Here, we examined zinc-finger nucleases for their potential to introduce modifications in pig somatic cells via end-joining or recombination. We found that co-transfection with nuclease-encoding plasmids resulted in a dramatic boost of recombination with different targeting vectors, suggesting a much more prominent role of this repair pathway in somatic cells than was previously thought. Although recombination with any of the vectors even occurred on both alleles of the target gene, we found also evidence for distinct properties of the used vectors regarding their preference for mono-allelic or bi-allelic modification. Thus, we show that the combined usage of site-specific nucleases and targeting vectors does not only promote homologous recombination in somatic cells but might also resemble a promising tool for detailed examination of DNA repair pathways.
Journal of biotechnology.J Biotechnol.2014 May 10;177:74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.018. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Site-specific nucleases have become powerful tools for genome editing by the introduction of end-joining-mediated mutations, but it is unclear to which extent induced double strand breaks will also facilitate homologous recombination with exogenous DNA. This question is, however, of particular impor
PMID 24613297

Mitochondrial RNA editing in trypanosomes: Small RNAs in control.

Aphasizhev R1, Aphasizheva I2.Author information 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 4th Floor, E426, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Electronic address: ruslana@bu.edu.2Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 4th Floor, E426, Boston, MA 02118, USA.AbstractMitochondrial mRNA editing in trypanosomes is a posttranscriptional processing pathway thereby uridine residues (Us) are inserted into, or deleted from, messenger RNA precursors. By correcting frameshifts, introducing start and stop codons, and often adding most of the coding sequence, editing restores open reading frames for mitochondrially-encoded mRNAs. There can be hundreds of editing events in a single pre-mRNA, typically spaced by few nucleotides, with U-insertions outnumbering U-deletions by approximately 10-fold. The mitochondrial genome is composed of ∼50 maxicircles and thousands of minicircles. Catenated maxi- and minicircles are packed into a dense structure called the kinetoplast; maxicircles yield rRNA and mRNA precursors while guide RNAs (gRNAs) are produced predominantly from minicircles, although varying numbers of maxicircle-encoded gRNAs have been identified in kinetoplastids species. Guide RNAs specify positions and the numbers of inserted or deleted Us by hybridizing to pre-mRNA and forming series of mismatches. These 50-60 nucleotide (nt) molecules are 3' uridylated by RET1 TUTase and stabilized via association with the gRNA binding complex (GRBC). Editing reactions of mRNA cleavage, U-insertion or deletion, and ligation are catalyzed by the RNA editing core complex (RECC). To function in mitochondrial translation, pre-mRNAs must further undergo post-editing 3' modification by polyadenylation/uridylation. Recent studies revealed a highly compound nature of mRNA editing and polyadenylation complexes and their interactions with the translational machinery. Here we focus on mechanisms of RNA editing and its functional coupling with pre- and post-editing 3' mRNA modification and gRNA maturation pathways.
Biochimie.Biochimie.2014 May;100:125-31. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
Mitochondrial mRNA editing in trypanosomes is a posttranscriptional processing pathway thereby uridine residues (Us) are inserted into, or deleted from, messenger RNA precursors. By correcting frameshifts, introducing start and stop codons, and often adding most of the coding sequence, editing resto
PMID 24440637