WordNet

painful as if caused by a sharp instrument; "a cutting wind"; "keen winds"; "knifelike cold"; "piercing knifelike pains"; "piercing cold"; "piercing criticism"; "a stabbing pain"; "lancinating pain" (同)keen, knifelike, piercing, stabbing, lancinate, lancinating
a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting (同)slip
the act of diluting something; "the cutting of whiskey with water"; "the thinning of paint with turpentine" (同)thinning
a piece cut off from the main part of something
(of speech) harsh or hurtful in tone or character; "cutting remarks"; "edged satire"; "a stinging comment" (同)edged, stinging
bee that cuts rounded pieces from leaves and flowers to line its nest (同)leaf-cutter, leaf-cutter bee
cutting the price of merchandise to one lower than the usual or advertised price (同)price cut
the angle between the face of a cutting tool and the surface of the work
hard and sharp enough to cut metal; "metal-cutting tools"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉切ること,切断,裁断 / 〈C〉《英》=clipping / 〈C〉《英》(道路・運河などを建設するために作った)切り通し,掘り割り / 〈C〉(さし木用の)切り枝 / 〈U〉(映画などの)フイルムの編集 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》よく切れる,鋭利な / (風などが)身を切るような;(言葉などが)痛烈な
《通例複数形で》新聞の切り抜き

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/09 10:15:51」(JST)

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Different types of scissors - sewing (left), paper (middle), kitchen (right)

A glass cutter, showing hardened steel cutting wheel (far left), notches for snapping, and ball (on end of handle) for tapping

Cutting is the separation of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the application of an acutely directed force.

Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force (see water jet cutter).

Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of the object being cut. The simplest applicable equation is stress = force/area: The stress generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the force with which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the area of contact. Hence, the smaller the area (i.e., the sharper the cutting implement), the less force is needed to cut something. It is generally seen that cutting edges are thinner for cutting soft materials and thicker for harder materials. This progression is seen from kitchen knife, to clever, to axe, and is a balance between the easy cutting action of a thin blade vs strength and edge durability of a thicker blade.

Metal cutting

Cutting has been at the core of manufacturing throughout history. For metals many methods are used and can be grouped by the physical phenomenon used.

Chip forming - sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.
Shearing - punching, stamping, scissoring.
Abrading - Grinding, lapping, polishing; water-jet.
Heat - flame cutting, plasma cutting, laser cutting.
Electro-Chemical - Etching, Electrical discharge machining (EDM).

Every method has its limitations in accuracy, cost, and effect on the material. For example: heat may damage the quality of heat treated alloys, and laser cutting is less suitable for highly reflective materials such as aluminum.

External links

Optimum blade configurations for the cutting of soft solids
How stuff works - Handsaws
Etching vs. traditional metal machining

UpToDate Contents

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5. 女性の性器切除（環状切除） female genital cutting circumcision

English Journal

In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review.

Aparicio-Blanco J1, Martín-Sabroso C1, Torres-Suárez AI2.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2016 Oct;103:229-55. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051. Epub 2016 Jun 24.
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly
PMID 27392291

Using a high biomass plant Pennisetum hydridum to phyto-treat fresh municipal sewage sludge.

Hei L1, Lee CC2, Wang H3, Lin XY4, Chen XH5, Wu QT6.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Oct;217:252-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.025. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
The study was carried out to investigate the use of a high biomass plant, Pennisetum hydridum, to treat municipal sewage sludge (MSS). An experiment composed of plots with four treatments, soil, fresh sludge, soil-sludge mixture and phyto-treated sludge, was conducted. It showed that the plant could
PMID 26897473

Fate of Lactococcus lactis starter cultures during late ripening in cheese models.

Ruggirello M1, Cocolin L2, Dolci P2.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2016 Oct;59:112-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.001. Epub 2016 May 18.
The presence of Lactococcus lactis, commonly employed as starter culture, was, recently, highlighted and investigated during late cheese ripening. Thus, the main goal of the present study was to assess the persistence and viability of this microorganism throughout manufacturing and ripening of model
PMID 27375251

Silver coated anionic cellulose nanofiber composites for an efficient antimicrobial activity.

Gopiraman M1, Jatoi AW2, Hiromichi S2, Yamaguchi K2, Jeon HY3, Chung IM4, Ick Soo K5.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2016 Sep 20;149:51-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.084. Epub 2016 Apr 21.
Herein, we report a comparative study of silver coated anionic cellulose nanocomposite before (CMC-Ag) and after (AgNPs/CMC) chemical reduction for antibacterial activity. Cellulose nanofibers were prepared by deacetylation of electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers, which were then treated with so
PMID 27261729

Japanese Journal

Local people's use of non-timber forest products in the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java

Sugimura Ken,Sahab Ahmad,Yata Makoto,Kridalaksana Age,Agus,Zanuansyah Asep,Ichwani Soraya N.,Nurika Siti,Howard Theodore E.
長崎大学総合環境研究 18(1), 16-27, 2015-10-01
… Their knowledge of the regulations was low, usually limited to such regulations as the prohibitions of cutting trees down, hunting wildlife, opening new land for cultivation, and collecting firewood and cattle feed. … As for the prohibition of tree cutting, the Hanjawar and Majasari villagers hoped that there would be exceptions to the regulations to meet their minimum needs for house construction. …
NAID 120005656386

Planuloid budding from a cutting plane of polyp stalk of Cassiopea sp.(Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)

NIINA Kazuhito,GRAVILI Cinzia,KUBOTA Shin
Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 43, 103-105, 2015-09-15
… On the cutting plane, planuloid buds were exclusively produced and stalks were never regenerated. …
NAID 120005651917

北海道カラマツ人工林の主伐・再造林問題 : 人工林経営の資金循環と資源保続

志賀和人,志賀薫,早舩真智
林業経済 68(6), 1-18, 2015-09
NAID 40020601185

テラヘルツ光パラメトリック光源の最先端 (特集テラヘルツ技術の最前線 : 光源と応用の最新動向)

林伸一郎,縄田耕二,瀧田佑馬 [他]
Optronics : 光技術コーディネートジャーナル 34(9), 65-69, 2015-09
NAID 40020589571

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