WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
belonging to or on or near the back or upper surface of an animal or organ or part; "the dorsal fin is the vertical fin on the back of a fish and certain marine mammals"
the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti
of or relating to the cochlea of the ear; "cochlear implant"

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
(植物の)背部の,背の
(耳の)蝸牛穀(かぎゅうかく)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/27 01:13:48」(JST)

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The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the "tuberculum acusticum"), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear nucleus (CN), where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses.

Anatomy

The DCN differs from the ventral portion of the CN as it not only projects to the central nucleus (a subdivision) of the inferior colliculus (CIC), but also receives efferent innervation from the auditory cortex, superior olivary complex and the inferior colliculus. The cytoarchitecture and neurochemistry of the DCN is similar to that of the cerebellum, a concept that currently is important in theories of DCN function.^[1] Thus, the DCN is thought to be involved with more complex auditory processing, rather than merely transferring information.

The pyramidal cells or giant cells are a major cell grouping of the DCN. These cells are the target of two different input systems. The first system arises from the auditory nerve, and carries acoustic information. The second set of inputs is relayed through a set of small granule cells in the cochlear nucleus. There are also a great number of neighbouring cartwheel cells.^[2] The granule cells in turn are the target of a number of different inputs, including both those involved in auditory processing and, at least in lower mammals, somatosensory inputs associated with the head, the ear, and the jaw.

Projections from DCN principal cells form the dorsal acoustic stria, which ultimately terminate in the CIC. This projection overlaps with that of the lateral superior olive (LSO) in a well-defined manner,^[3] where they form the primary excitatory input for ICC type O units^[4]

Physiology

Principal cells in the DCN have very complex frequency intensity tuning curves. Classified as cochlear nucleus type IV cells,^[5] the firing rate may be very rapid in response to a low intensity sound at one frequency and then fall below the spontaneous rate with only a small increment in stimulus frequency or intensity. The firing rate may then increase with another increment in intensity or frequency. Type IV cells are excited by wide band noise, and particularly excited by a noise-notch stimulus directly below the cell's best frequency (BF).

While the VCN bushy cells aid in the location of a sound stimulus on the horizontal axis via their inputs to the superior olivary complex, type IV cells may participate in localization of the sound stimulus on the vertical axis. The pinna selectively amplifies frequencies, resulting in reduced sound energy at specific frequencies in certain regions of space. The complicated firing patterns of type IV cells makes them especially suited to detecting these notches, and with the combined power of these two localization systems, an ordinary person can locate where a firework explodes without the use of their eyes.

Somatosensory inputs inhibit type IV cell activity, possibly silencing their activity during head and pinna movements.^[6] While this has not been studied extensively, it may play an important role in sound source localization in elevation. A similar effect is seen in the visual system in an effect known as change blindness.

Current auditory models of the DCN employ a two-inhibitor model. Type IV cells receive excitation directly from the auditory nerve, and are inhibited by type II (vertical) cells and a wide band inhibitor (onset-c cells).

References

^ Bell CC, Han V et al. Cerebellum-like structures and their implications for cerebellar function. Annu.Rev.Neurosci. 2008.Vol31.PMID 18275284
^ Wouterlood FG and Mugnaini E. Cartwheel neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus: a Golgi-electron microscopic study in rat. J.Comp Neurol 1984 Jul20;227(1) PMID 6088594
^ Oliver, D. L., G. E. Beckius, et al. (1997). "Simultaneous anterograde labeling of axonal layers from lateral superior olive and dorsal cochlear nucleus in the inferior colliculus of cat." J Comp Neurol 382(2): 215-29.
^ Davis, K. A. (2002). "Evidence of a functionally segregated pathway from dorsal cochlear nucleus to inferior colliculus." J Neurophysiol 87(4): 1824-35.
^ Shofner, W. P. and E. D. Young (1985). "Excitatory/inhibitory response types in the cochlear nucleus: relationships to discharge patterns and responses to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve." J Neurophysiol 54(4): 917-39.
^ Young, E. D., I. Nelken, et al. (1995). "Somatosensory effects on neurons in dorsal cochlear nucleus." J Neurophysiol 73(2): 743-65.

External links

NIF Search - Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework

UpToDate Contents

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1. 耳鳴の病因および診断 etiology and diagnosis of tinnitus
2. 人工内耳の感染 cochlear implant infections
3. 成人における聴覚の音声の増幅 hearing amplification in adults
4. 小児における聴覚障害の治療 treatment of hearing impairment in children
5. 嵌頓包茎整復術 paraphimosis reduction

English Journal

Altered vesicular glutamate transporter distributions in the mouse cochlear nucleus following cochlear insult.

Heeringa AN1, Stefanescu RA1, Raphael Y1, Shore SE2.
Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2016 Feb 19;315:114-24. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
Vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) have distinct distributions in the cochlear nucleus that correspond to sources of the labeled terminals. VGLUT1 is mainly associated with terminals of auditory nerve fibers, whereas VGLUT2 is mainly associated with glutamatergic terminals
PMID 26705736

Expression of immediate-early genes in the dorsal cochlear nucleus in salicylate-induced tinnitus.

Hu SS1,2, Mei L1,2, Chen JY1,2, Huang ZW3,4, Wu H1,2.
European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2016 Feb;273(2):325-32. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3479-3. Epub 2015 Jan 31.
Spontaneous neuronal activity in dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) may be involved in the physiological processes underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus. As a neuronal activity marker, immediate-early gene (IEG) expression, especially activity-dependent cytoskeletal protein (Arc/Arg3.1) and the early gr
PMID 25636249

AMPA receptor inhibition by synaptically released zinc.

Kalappa BI1, Anderson CT1, Goldberg JM2, Lippard SJ2, Tzounopoulos T3.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2015 Dec 22;112(51):15749-54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512296112. Epub 2015 Dec 8.
The vast amount of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system is mediated by AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs). As a result, AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission is implicated in nearly all aspects of brain development, function, and plasticity. Despite the cen
PMID 26647187

Japanese Journal

聴覚神経細胞におけるchannelrhodopsin-2およびhalorhodopsinの応用

島野卓史,Fyk-Kolodziej Bozena,朝子幹也,友田幸一,Holt Avril Genene
関西医科大学雑誌 64(0), 7-11, 2013
緑藻類の一種クラミドモナスの眼点に分布する視物質ロドプシンchannelrhodopsin-2またはhalorhodopsinは光刺激を加えるとそれぞれ細胞を興奮，抑制性に活性化させることができる．我々はこのchannelrhodopsin-2およびhalorhodopsinをラットの背側蝸牛神経核に投与し，同部の神経細胞に発現するかどうか，また実際に光刺激により興奮させ電気的変化を起こし得るのか …
NAID 130003386254

聴覚を守る術中持続聴覚モニタリングと蝸牛神経マッピング : 聴神経腫瘍手術と前庭神経切断術での新技術

宮崎日出海,三浦正寛,三浦康士郎,中島正明,中冨浩文
Otology Japan 22(3), 191-197, 2012-07-25
聴覚温存手術のためには、従来の聴性脳幹反応や蝸牛神経活動電位よりも反応が鋭敏で安定して得られ、かつ、手術操作を止めることなく持続的な情報を術者に提示する新たな聴覚モニタリングが必要であると考えた。私どもが開発した術中持続聴覚モニタリング手術の特徴は、モニタリング電位の変化によって蝸牛神経のダメージをリアルタイムに知ることであり、それに従って手術部位や操作を変え、時には電位回復のために全ての操作を中 …
NAID 10030958999

Regional variations of cytochrome oxidase activity in the central auditory system of Reln^<rl-Orl> (reeler) mutant mice

HAYZOUN K.,LALONDE R.,MARIANI J,STRAZIELLE C.
Neuroscience research : the official journal of the Japan Neuroscience Society 58(4), 378-385, 2007-08-01
NAID 10024416287

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蝸牛神経背側核」
関連記事	「dorsal」「cochlear」

「蝸牛神経背側核」

Dorsal cochlear nucleus
	Dorsal cochlear nucleus is #4, at upper left
	Human caudal brainstem posterior view (Dorsal cochlear nucleus is #5)
Details
Latin	nucleus cochlearis posterior
Identifiers
NeuroNames	hier-718
NeuroLex ID	Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12580787
TA	A14.1.04.248
FMA	54624
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy